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Was a civil war in Afghanistan between the end of the 1970's and 2022 that included a series of related conflicts. The first phase of the civil war were two coups d'état that resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In order to support the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the USSR invaded the country. Two years after the Soviet withdrawal, in 1992, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was ended by the Mujahideen, an Islamic rebel group. This was followed by a conflict mainly between the Mujahideen and the Taliban forces (another Islamic militia). Until 1996 Taliban took control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan, and established of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The civil war continued between the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, two governments recognized by different international actors. This phase was ended by the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The invasion's goals were to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. With support of the US the Talibans were initially defeated and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established. However, the Talibans started a counteroffensive and in 2021 recaptured whole Afghanistan and established again the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Chronology
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Was a coup d'état in Afghanistan that ended the Kingdom of Afghanistan and established the Republic of Afghanistan.
July 1973: The Afghan monarchy ended with the 1973 Afghan coup d'état.
Was a revolution in Afghanistan that overthrew Afghan president Mohammed Daoud Khan and established the Socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
April 1978: The PDPA came to power through a military coup known as the Saur Revolution, which ousted the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan. Daoud was succeeded by Nur Muhammad Taraki as head of state and government on 30 April 1978.
An insurrection that took place in and around the city of Herat, Afghanistan in March 1979. It included both a popular uprising and a mutiny of Afghan Army troops against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).
March 1979: 15–20 March 1979: an insurrection that took place in and around the city of Herat, Afghanistan in March 1979. It included both a popular uprising and a mutiny of Afghan Army troops against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).
Was a Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in support of the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and is also considered the first phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. After nearly ten years of fighting with the Afghan mujahideen, the Soviet troops left Afghanistan in 1989 and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed in 1992.
4.1.Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan
Was the Soviet military invasion at the beginning of the Soviet-Afghan War.
December 1979: The 5th Motorized Division, part of the Soviet Union's armed forces, entered western Afghanistan in 1979. Led by General Gromov, they quickly captured the cities of Herat and Shindand as part of the USSR's military occupation of the region.
December 1979: A large numbers of Soviet Airborne Forces joined stationed ground troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25. On December 27, 1979, 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms, including KGB and GRU special forces officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group, occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul. The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979.
December 1979: The units of the 108th Motorized Division of the Soviet Union, under the command of General Boris Gromov, first crossed the Amu Darya river on the evening of 24 December 1979. They then proceeded to occupy the cities of Baghlan, Kunduz, and Pol-e Khomri in northern Afghanistan by the afternoon of 27 December.
January 1980: By mid-January 1980 the main centers of Afghanistan were in Soviet hands. Red Army troops never attempted to occupy the entire Afghan territory, but concentrated their attention on areas deemed most important such as major urban areas, airports and main roads, ignoring rural areas altogether; at least 80% of Afghan territory remained effectively outside the control of the Kabul government and its Soviet allies.
January 1980: The Soviet Union expanded his area of control in Afghanistan up to Farah and Kandahar.
4.2.Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Was the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan that ended the Soviet-Afghan War. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
February 1989: The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was ended by the Mujahideen, an Islamic rebel group.
April 1991: Khost is besieged by the Mujahideen.
April 1992: Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin invades Kabul.
April 1992: General Abdul Rashid Dostum of the Afghan National Army defected the next day, allied with Hezb-i Wahdat and Jamiat-e Islami mujahideen forces, and took control of Mazar-i-Sharif.
April 1992: The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the government established by the Peshawar Accords on 26 April 1992.
April 1992: Ahmad Shah Massoud with his Jamiat-e Islami forces had conquered parts of Parwan Province.
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. It was a conflict mainly between the Mujahideen (an Islamic militia that had ended the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) and the Taliban forces (another Islamic militia). Until 1996 Taliban took control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan, and established of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
September 1996: The strategic town of Sarobi, an eastern outpost of Kabul, fell to the Taliban.
February 1995: The Taliban began to approach Kabul, capturing Wardak.
February 1995: Maidan Shar conquered by Talibans.
March 1995: Charasiab conquered by Islamic State of Afghanistan.
May 1995: Ismail Khan and Rabbani's forces recaptured Farah from the Taliban.
September 1995: The Taliban were able to capture Farah.
September 1995: Shindand conquered by Talibans.
October 1995: On 11 October, the Taliban retook Charasiab.
October 1995: On 15 October, Bamiyan fell to the Taliban.
August 1996: Chaghcharan conquered by Talibans.
September 1996: On 11 September, Jalalabad fell to the Taliban.
September 1996: The Taliban captured Mihtarlam in Laghman province.
September 1996: Kunar province fell to the Taliban.
September 1996: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was a totalitarian Islamic state established in September 1996 when the Taliban began their rule of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul.
August 1995: The Government captured Girishk and Helmand from the Taliban.
January 1995: In late January, Ghazni fell to the Taliban.
September 1995: Taliban conquest of Herat.
February 1995: Hekmatyar was forced to abandon his artillery positions at Charasiab.
September 1996: The Taliban conquered Kabul.
January 1995: Southern Afghanistan conquered by Talibans.
November 1994: The Talibans captured Kandahar city.
August 1996: Government forces captured Chaghcharan.
April 1996: The government captured Saghar District in Ghor Province from the Taliban.
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. A continuation of the Civil war in Afghanistan of 1992-1996, it was a struggle between the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, two governments recognized by different international actors. This phase was ended by the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.
May 1997: On May 25, the Taliban entered Mazar-e Sharif.
September 2001: Expansion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan by September 2001.
May 1997: On May 30, heavy fighting broke out around Syedabad. Taliban fighters were ambushed. Thousands of Taliban soldiers were taken as prisoners in Maimana, Sheberghan and Mazar-e Sharif.
May 1997: Malik attacked Dostum's forces in Jawzjan and occupied Dostum's stronghold of Sheberghan.
September 1997: Hairatan was captured by the Taliban in 1997, directly across from Termez in Uzbekistan.
August 1997: The Taliban entered Mazar-e Sharif.
An US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. The invasion's goals were to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. With support of the US the Talibans were initially defeated and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established. However, the Talibans started a counteroffensive and in 2021 recaptured whole Afghanistan and established again the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
January 2002: In the early stage of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, when the Taliban started fleeing into Pakistan, the local leaders, or Maliks, began a campaign among their locals to host the foreigners. Since then, around 200 Maliks have been assassinated by local Taliban through targeted killings.
January 2004: The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
July 2002: In 2002 the Afghan Interim Administration was succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
8.1.US/Northern Alliance Offensive
Was a military offensive by the Northern Alliance with US support during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021).
November 2001: Northern Alliance fighters took over Kabul.
November 2001: The inhabitants of the town of Tarinkot revolted and expelled their Taliban administrators.
November 2001: After the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and Herat were conquered by the Northern Alliance.
November 2001: The Northern Alliance gained control of Kunduz.
December 2001: Fall of Kandahar.
December 2001: In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed.
December 2001: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is overthrown by the US and Northern Alliance during the Battle of Tora Bora.
November 2001: Mazari Sharif was taken by Northern Alliance fighters.
8.2.Taliban Insurgency
Was the slow reconquest of the Talibans in 2003-2007 during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) that eventually developed in a full-scale offensive.
April 2003: In May 2003, the Taliban Supreme Court's chief justice, Abdul Salam, proclaimed that the Talibans were back.
January 2004: Expansion of the Talibans in 2003.
January 2005: Expansion of the Talibans in 2004.
January 2007: Expansion of the Talibans in 2005-2006.
8.3.Operation Moshtarak
Was a US-led pacification offensive in the town of Marjah, Helmand Province, Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021).
February 2010: The town of Showal was captured by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan forces.
January 2011: Shortly after the withdrawal of NATO soldiers from Marja, it was reported the Taliban had regained control of the town.
March 2010: Talibans losing control of Marjah.
8.4.Kunduz offensive
Was a Taliban offensive for the control of the city of Kunduz in the northern Kunduz Province.
October 2015: The Taliban fought for the city of Kunduz in the northern Kunduz Province with them capturing the city by September.
November 2015: Afghan Armed Forces recaptured Kunduz in October.
8.5.Helmand offensive
Was a Taliban military campaign in the Afghan province of Helmand.
January 2016: By late December, most of Sangin was captured by the Taliban.
8.6.2021 Taliban offensive
A military offensive by the Taliban insurgent group and allied militants led to the fall of the Kabul-based Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the nearly 20-year War in Afghanistan that had begun following the United States invasion of the country.
June 2021: In May, the Taliban captured 15 districts from the Afghan government, including Nirkh and Jalrez districts.
August 2021: Puli Khumri, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
June 2021: On 22 June, the Taliban captured Sher Khan Bandar, Afghanistan's main Tajikistan border crossing.
June 2021: On 25 June, the Taliban took control of the Shinwari District and the Ghorband District.
July 2021: On 8 July, the Taliban captured the strategically important Karukh District in Herat Province.
July 2021: Islam Qala falls to the Talibans
July 2021: Spin Boldak conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Zaranj, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Sar-e Pol, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Farah, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Qala e Naw, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Kandahar, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Chaghcharan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Puli Alam, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Tarinkot, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Gardez, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Asadabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Maymana, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Nili, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Torkham conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Parun, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell to the Taliban on August 15, 2021, leading to the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
August 2021: Ghazni, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
July 2021: The government recaptured Karakh District.
August 2021: Kunduz, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Qalati Ghilji, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Fayzabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
July 2021: Wakhjir Pass falls to the Talibans
July 2021: On 10 July, the Taliban captured Panjwayi District in Kandahar Province.
August 2021: Aqina conquered by the Talibans.
July 2021: Pro-government forces gained victories in Bamyan Province, as local militias and the police retook the districts of Sayghan and Kahmard from the Taliban.
August 2021: Bamyan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Sheberghan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Charikar, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Taloqan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
June 2021: On 16 June, Taliban fighters executed 22 surrendering Afghan Army commandoes in the town of Dawlat Abad.
June 2021: Taliban forces took control of Balkh and encircled Mazar-i-Sharif, the capital of Balkh Province.
June 2021: On 27 June, Chaki Wardak District and Saydabad District fell to the Taliban.
July 2021: Ishkashim falls to the Talibans
August 2021: In July, the Taliban captured 64 districts from the Afghan government.
August 2021: Sharana, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Hairatan conquered by the Talibans.
July 2021: In June, the Taliban captured 69 districts from the Afghan government.
July 2021: Torghundi falls to the Talibans
August 2021: Lashkargah, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Jalalabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mazar-i-Sharif, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mahmud-i-Raqi, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
June 2021: On the same day Rustaq District, Shortepa District and the Arghistan District fell to the Taliban.
August 2021: Khost, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mihtarlam, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Samangan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Herat, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
Afghan Civil War
