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Were three wars in which the British Empire tried to extend its influence in modern-day Afghanistan.
Chronology
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Was a war between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. As the British wanted to extend their influence to Afghanistan, they invaded and occupied the country. An uprising in Kabul led the British to the decision of leaving the country. The whole British army but one man was slaughtered during its retreat.
1.1.British Invasion (First Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
July 1839: In 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, British-led forces under the command of General Sir John Keane launched a surprise attack and captured the fortress of Ghazni. This strategic victory allowed for the military occupation of Ghazni by Great Britain.
April 1839: In 1839, British forces led by Sir John Keane crossed the Bolan Pass and captured Quetta, a strategic city in southern Afghanistan. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
April 1839: British forces camped at Kandahar on 25 April 1839.
August 1839: In 1838 British viceroy Lord Auckland, restored Shah Shojāʿ to the Afghan throne in Kabul on August 1839 and made Afghanistan a British protectorate.
1.2.1842 retreat from Kabul
After an uprising in Kabul, the british-indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but was then massacrated during the retreat.
January 1842: After an uprising in Kabul, the British-Indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but in reality the British forces were massacrated at Gandamak (January 13 1842).
1.3.Punitive Expedition to Kabul
The Battle of Kabul was part of a punitive campaign undertaken by the British against the Afghans following the disastrous retreat from Kabul of 1842.
September 1842: The Battle of Kabul in 1842 was led by British General William Elphinstone against Afghan forces, seeking retribution for the massacre of British troops during the retreat from Kabul. The British occupation of Kabul was a response to the Afghan uprising against British rule.
November 1842: After the Kabul Expedition, the British demolished parts of Kabul before withdrawing to India, concluding the First Anglo-Afghan War.
Was a war between Afghanistan and the British Empire. At the end of the war, Afghanistan became a British protectorate.
2.1.First British Invasion
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
November 1878: Battle of Peiwar Kotal.
2.1.1.Treaty of Gandamak
Was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the treaty, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj and the country became a British protectorate.
May 1879: With British forces occupying Kabul, Afghan Amir Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to Britain.
May 1879: A peace treaty was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under its terms, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj, including Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber, while retaining sovereignty over the rest of Afghanistan.
2.2.Afghan Revolt
Was an uprising in Kabul, agains the British forces that had occupied Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
September 1879: An uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative, along with his guards.
2.3.Second British Invasion (Second Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the second invasion of Afghanistan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, after a revolt in Kabul had forced the British to leave the country.
September 1880: The Battle of Kandahar brought a close to the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Emir Ayub Khan had been decisively beaten. The British appointed Abdur Rahman as emir of Afghanistan, under a protected state which gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign policy.
October 1880: After the British victory against Afghan forces in the Battle of Kandahar (1880), the British appointed Abdur Rahman as the ruler and left the occupied territories in Afghanistan. Afghanistan became a protectorate with British control over the country's foreign policy.
August 1880: Siege of Kandahar.
July 1880: Battle of Maiwand.
October 1879: British forces defeated the Afghan Army at Charasiab.
October 1879: In 1879, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Kabul was occupied for two days by British forces led by General Frederick Roberts and Sir Donald Stewart. This military occupation marked a significant moment in the conflict between Afghanistan and Great Britain.
Was a conflict that began in 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India.
June 1919: The Afghan camp at Yusef Khel was seized by British force.
May 1919: Afghan troops crossed the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass and captured the town of Bagh.
May 1919: An Uprising took place in Peshwar with the support of Afghan forces.
May 1919: A second attack was made on Bagh by the British 1st and 2nd Infantry Brigades, under Major General Fowler, and this time it proved successful.
August 1919: The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.
May 1919: The British commander in Quetta decided to attack the Afghan fortress at Spin Baldak, capturing it.
May 1919: The inhabitants of Peshawar complied and by dawn on 8 May the situation in the city was under control and the threat of an uprising abated.
Selected Sources
Showalter, D. (2013): Imperial Wars 1815-1914, Amber Books Ltd, p. 1839
Anglo-Afghan Wars
