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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Holstein County
Duchy of Holstein
Establishment
January 1112: Establishment of the Holstein County.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the invasion of northern Germany by king Canute VI of Denmark caused by disagreement with Adolf III, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, over the possession of the island of Rügen.
January 1201: On January 25, 1201, the army of Adolf III of Holstein and his ally Adolf I of Dassel was defeated by Danish forces near Washow. The County of Ratzeburg was occupied by Denmark.
November 1201: Duke Waldemar II, the brother of the Danish king, succeeded in subjugating all of Nordelbingen - the areas between the Elbe (southern border) and Eider (northern border).
July 1227: Battle of Bornhöved: Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark. As a result, the Danish border with the Holy Roman Empire was moved north from the Elbe river to the Eider River, the southern border of the Duchy of Schleswig.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
2.1.1.Danish Period
Was the second main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Denmark.
April 1625: The Danish king occupied the towns of Verden and Nienburg, which belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian imperial district.
May 1629: In 1629 Denmark signed the Peace of Lübeck with the Catholic League and withdrew from the war. The treaty restored to Christian IV of Denmark his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and not to interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
3.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
3.1.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
3.1.1.1.Swedish Campaign in Holstein
Was a Swedish military campaign in Holstein during the Great Northern War.
January 1713: Swedish general Magnus Stenbock takes the city of Altona after a siege. Subsequently the Swedish army burnt the city down ("Einäscherung von Altona").
February 1713: The Swedish army leaves Altona.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
4.1.First Schleswig War
Was a revolt of German nationalists against Danish rule in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
March 1848: On March 23, the rumor spread in Kiel that the king was unable to act and "in the hands of the rabble". Both the revolutions in Vienna and Berlin, which had taken place a few days earlier, and the well-known political indifference of the king, who had only been in power for two months, contributed to this interpretation. A group of celebrities with sympathies to Schleswig-Holstein seized the opportunity and formed a provisional government on March 24, which was to act on behalf of their allegedly unfree sovereign, the king.
April 1851: In 1851, the Duchy of Holstein was pacified by Prussian and Austrian federal troops, leading to the dissolution of the Schleswig-Holstein army on April 1. This event was part of the wider Schleswig-Holstein Question, a political conflict between Prussia, Austria, and Denmark over the control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
Were two wars caused by the Schleswig-Holstein question (a series of issues deriving from the status of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to the Danish Crown and to the German Confederation).
5.1.Second Schleswig War
Was a war caused by the status of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, that were Dnish possession but at the same also part of the German confederation. When the Danish King died without an heir acceptable to the German Confederation, Prussian and Austrian troops invaded and occupied the duchies.
5.1.1.Bundesexekution of Holstein und Lauenburg of 1863
Was a military action by Prussia and Austria to occupy the Danish possessions of Holstein and Lauenburg at the beginning of the Second Schleswig War. It was based on a decision by the German Confederation (the two duchies were fiefs of the Confederation) and is therefore known as "Bundesexekution" (Federal execution).
5.1.1.1.German Confederation occupies Lauenburg and Holstein
Was the military occupation of the Danish possessions of Holstein and Lauenburg by Prussia and Austria at the beginning of the Second Schleswig War.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Büchen, Schwarzenbek, Wandsbek.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Altona, Pinneberg, Uetersen, Trittau.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Bad Oldesloe.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Elmshorn, Itzehoe, Bramstedt, Ahrensbök.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Glückstadt, Neumünster, Plön.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Kiel-Nortorf.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Jevenstedt.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Rendsburg and thus whole Holstein and Lauenburg.
January 1148: The Wendish Crusade of 1147, concurrent to the Second Crusade, was largely unsuccessful, resulting in devastation to the Liutizi lands and forced baptisms. The campaign did secure Saxon control of Wagria and Polabia, however.
January 1181: Lübeck Prince-Bishopric gains Imperial immediacy.
September 1200: In the summer of 1200, King Knut VI of Denmark acquired the territory of Rendsburg through military occupation.
January 1262: Establishment of the Holstein-Itzehoe County.
January 1262: Establishment of the Holstein-Kiel County.
January 1461: Establishment of the Duchy of Holstein.
January 1511: Hamburg is declared a Free Imperial City.
January 1555: Establishment of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp.
January 1560: The peasants of Dithmarschen were defeated by Danish-Schleswig-Holstein troops under General Johann Rantzau and lost their freedom.
January 1642: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1651: Establishment of the County of Rantzau.
June 1773: With the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, she agreed to cede the territorial claims of her son to the Holstein-Gottorp lands still held by Denmark and to cede the part of Duchy, held by her husband.
Disestablishment
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Büchen, Schwarzenbek, Wandsbek.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Altona, Pinneberg, Uetersen, Trittau.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Bad Oldesloe.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Elmshorn, Itzehoe, Bramstedt, Ahrensbök.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Glückstadt, Neumünster, Plön.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Kiel-Nortorf.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Jevenstedt.
December 1863: The forces of the German Confederation occupy Rendsburg and thus whole Holstein and Lauenburg.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Gerd Stolz: Das deutsch-dänische Schicksalsjahr 1864. 2. Auflage. 2013, Husum 2010, ISBN 978-3-89876-499-5, p. 32.
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