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A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
Chronology
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Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
January 1576: In 1575, Ivan the Terrible of Russia ordered an attack on Poland, leading to the capture of Salacgrīva and Pärnu in Livonia. This marked a significant expansion of the Tsardom of Russia's territory through military occupation.
1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
August 1558: Russian forces start the siege of Reval (Tallinn).
January 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by 1577.
December 1577: Polish forces re-captured the stronghold in Wenden (Cesis).
June 1558: Ivan IV of Russia regarded the Livonian Confederation's approach to the Polish-Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli. Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. Russian troops took Dorpat in May.
August 1558: Narva conquered by russia.
September 1577: Magnus of Livonia besieged the the town of Wenden (Cesis) in August 1577.
June 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by mid 1578.
January 1574: The war in Livonia was a great financial burden for Sweden, and by the end of 1573, Sweden's German mercenaries were owed 200,000 daler. John III of Sweden gave them the castles of Hapsal, Leal and Lode as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark.
1.2.Livonian Counterattack
Were the Livonian operation against the Russian invasion.
September 1560: The Russian Tsar's forces took important fortresses like Fellin, yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of Riga, Reval or Pernau.
January 1559: In 1558, Livonian forces, led by the Livonian Confederation (Poland-Lithuania) and supported by 1,200 landsknechte and 100 gunners from Germany, successfully retook Wesenberg (now Rakvere) and several other fortresses from the invading Russian forces during the Livonian War.
1.3.Partition of Livonia
Was the partition of Old Livonia between Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1562: Swdish king Erik XIV's forces seized Pernau (Pärnu) in June 1562.
September 1559: In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Münchhausen signed a treaty on 26 September 1559 giving Frederick II of Denmark the right to nominate the bishop of Ösel-Wiek, an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 thalers.
June 1561: In 1561 a Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia.
November 1561: The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire before.
November 1561: The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, was dissolved in 1561 by the second Treaty of Vilnius. Its lands were secularised and became the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which were then assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1560: In 1559 the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek and Courland Johannes V von Münchhausen sold his lands to King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers.
1.4.Russian war with Lithuania
Was a Russian invasion of Lithuania by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1564: When the Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV of Russia rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension. The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania. His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563.
February 1564: In January and February Russian forces attacked Dubrowna, Orsha, Druchevsk, Borisov, Kopos, Shklow, Teterin, Mogilev, Radoml, Mstislavl, and Chachersk, reaching as far as the border of Vilnius and the Berezina River.
1.5.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
January 1581: The fall of Narva, Ivangorod, Jama, and Koporye in 1580 marked Sweden's military occupation of these territories in Livonia. This expansion was part of King Charles IX's efforts to strengthen Sweden's influence in the region.
January 1582: During the Livonian War, Sweden, under the leadership of King John III, captured the strategic city of Narva in 1581. This military occupation allowed Sweden to gain control over important trade routes in the region and expand its influence in the Baltic Sea.
January 1581: The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces led by King John III of Sweden in 1580. This military occupation was part of the Livonian War, a conflict between Sweden, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of the Baltic region.
December 1577: By November, Lithuanian forces moving northward had captured Dünaburg.
March 1578: Swedish forces launched an offensive targeting key cities such as Pernau (Pärnu), Dorpat (Tartu), and Novgorod.
April 1578: The Swedish forces left the are of Pernau, Dorpat and Novgorod.
August 1579: Polish-Lithuanian troops advanced on Polotsk. The siege began 11 August, and the city surrendered on the 29th of that month.
October 1579: The Polish army also captured all 8 Russian castles in Polotsk - Rossony region (Sokol, Nescherda, Susha, Krasnae, Turovlia, Sitna, Kaz'jany, Usviaty).
September 1580: The forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth besieged Velikiye Luki on 29 August and took it on 5 September.
October 1580: Polish forces captured Velizh and Nevel.
September 1580: A cavalry battle took place on 20 September near Toropets (battle of Toropets) and ended in another Polish victory.
1.5.1.Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky
The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War.
January 1582: The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War. In the terms of the treaty, Russia renounced its claims to Livonia and Polotsk but conceded no core Russian territories as Batory and returned the territories his armies had been occupying.
1.5.2.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The war of Sweden with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod under Swedish control. Russia kept a narrow passage to the Baltic Sea at the estuary of the Neva River, between the Strelka and Sestra Rivers.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
Was a war fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark-Norway, Lübeck, and Poland-Lithuania between 1563 and 1570.
September 1563: At the beginning of the war the Danes advanced from Halland with a 25,000-strong army of professional mercenaries and captured Sweden's gateway to the west, Älvsborg Fortress, after only three days of bombardment and a six-hour assault on 4 September.
January 1564: Sweden occupied the undefended Norwegian province of Jemtland.
January 1564: In 1563, Jemtland was taken by Denmark-Norway but swiftly recaptured by the Norwegian governor of Trøndelag, Christen Munk. Munk was a Danish-Norwegian nobleman and military officer who played a key role in the region's defense.
August 1564: Nils Boije, a Swedish military commander, took control of Varberg in 1564 during the Northern Seven Years' War. This marked the territory's military occupation by Sweden.
January 1565: In 1564 the Swedes marched under Claude Collart and re-occupied Jemtland, as well as Herjedalen and Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim.
January 1565: The 400 Swedish soldiers were repelled from Trøndelag.
January 1565: Sweden captured Båhus Fortress.
January 1567: Båhus Fortress is acquired by Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The peace was finally reached with the Treaty of Stettin, signed by King John III of Sweden and Duke Barnim XI of Pomerania in 1570. This treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Sweden.
September 1564: In August 1564, King Eric XIV of Sweden attacked Blekinge and his army occupied it.
December 1570: The Treaty of Stettin was signed in 1570, ending the Northern Seven Years' War. It was negotiated by King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway and King John III of Sweden. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning territories to Denmark-Norway.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
September 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
February 1592: As the Russian voivodes did not dare to besiege the well-fortified Vyborg fortress, they plundered the area around Vyborg and Kexholm, before returning to Oreshek along Lake Ladoga.
January 1590: On January 26, 1590 the siege of Jam began. The Swedish garrison, numbering only 500 men, surrendered to Russian forces the next day.
August 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
October 1591: In September 1591, the Swedish Peterson forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Solovetsky Monastery and once again plundered the shores of the White Sea.
November 1591: End of Swedish raid on the shores of the White Sea.
January 1592: On January 6, 1592, the troops of Russian generals Mstislavski and Trubezkoi crossed the Swedish border at Oreshek.
January 1592: On January 30, the Russian army reached Vyborg.
March 1590: The Swedes agreed to cede Ivangorod, Yam and Koporje to the Russians and a year-long truce was signed.
3.1.Treaty of Teusina
The Treaty of Teusina, concluded on 18 May 1595, ended the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95). The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territories then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Treaty of Teusina, Tyavzin or Tyavzino was concluded on 18 May 1595 to end the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95) between the powers. The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territory then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Swedish-Russian border was delineated from the outstream of the Systerbäck river into the Gulf of Finland, over lakes Saimaa, Inari, the settlement of Neiden and up to the Murman Sea.
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
June 1655: A Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
August 1654: In 1654, Russian military leader Ivan Cherkassky captured the city of Orsha during the Battle of Shklov. .
August 1654: In July 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), the Russian army under the command of Tsar Alexei I captured the border forts of Bely and Dorogobuzh, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
July 1654: In 1654, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky's forces captured Homel from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1655: In 1655, Lithuanian forces, led by Janusz Radziwiłł, surrendered Minsk to the Cossacks and Ivan Cherkassky during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1654: In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War, Prince Trubetskoy led Russian forces to capture the territories of Mstislavl and Roslavl.
July 1654: V.B. Sheremetev set out from Pskov and seized the Lithuanian cities of Nevel.
July 1654: Polotsk conquered by russia.
November 1654: Vitebsk conquered by russia.
December 1654: The combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Russian Boyar Buturlin struck against Volynia. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of Ostroh and Rivne by the end of the year.
January 1655: In 1654, Tsar's troops led by Alexei I of Russia invaded and occupied Ludza and Rezekne in Polish Livonia.
June 1655: In 1655, Prince Vasily Sheremetev, a Russian military leader, captured the town of Velizh during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1655: Vilnius, the capital of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, was taken by the Russians.
January 1656: In 1655, Prince Volkonsky, a Russian military leader, sailed from Kiev up the Dnieper and Pripyat rivers. He defeated the Lithuanians and captured Pinsk, which was then under Russian military occupation.
January 1656: Trubetskoy's unit overran Slonim and Kletsk.
February 1664: The Poles loose Left-Bank Ukraine.
September 1654: The Russian forces, led by Tsar Alexei I, successfully captured Smolensk on September 23, 1654, marking a significant victory in the conflict.
September 1655: Russian conquest of Kaunas and Hrodno.
October 1655: Russian and Cossack forces had occupied the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin, with only Lwow remaining under Polish-Lithuanian control.
January 1664: Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded Left-bank Ukraine.
June 1655: In the winter and spring of 1655, Prince Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in Belarus, recapturing Orsha.
4.1.Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
January 1667: During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region of Zaporizhzhia fell under condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1667: The peace negotiations in 1664-1667 involved the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War. The treaty divided the territories of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine between the two powers.
January 1667: The peace negotiations were between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667. The treaty resulted in Russia gaining control of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine.
January 1667: In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1667: The peace negotiations in 1664-1667 involved the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, led by Duke Jacob Kettler, and Left-Bank Ukraine, led by Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky. The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the conflict and transferred Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine to Courland and Semigallia.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
September 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
August 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
October 1656: John II Casimir took Bromberg and Konitz in Royal Prussia.
January 1662: The treaty of Cardis obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden.
December 1658: The Treaty of Valiesar was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar near Narva on 20 December 1658. Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years (Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others).
October 1655: The levy of Mazovia, led by Polish nobleman Stefan Czarniecki, surrendered to the Swedish forces after the Battle of Nowy Dwór in 1655.
October 1655: Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
September 1656: In August 1656, Tsar Alexis of Russia's army, led by Prince Yakov Cherkassky, captured the Livonian town of Koknese during the Russo-Swedish War.
September 1655: On 8 September Charles X Gustav of Sweden occupied Warsaw.
January 1656: In 1656, during the Second Northern War, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, Frederick William, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland. This decision was a strategic move to protect his territories from Polish and Russian threats.
November 1656: The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden. With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).
July 1655: The nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań.
August 1655: The Treaty of Kėdainiai placed Lithuania under Swedish protection, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
October 1656: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca.
June 1657: The Swedish army by Charles X Gustav captured Brest in May 1657.
September 1657: Charles X Gustav of Sweden left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike. The Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart.
November 1659: A combined force of 17,000 Austrians and 13,000 Brandenburgers led by general Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches invaded Swedish Pomerania, took and burned Greifenhagen, took Wollin island and Damm, besieged Stettin and Greifswald without success, but took Demmin on 9 November.
May 1660: The Treaty or Peace of Oliva. at Oliva was made between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia, and John II Casimir Vasa withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title of a hereditary Swedish king for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.
May 1660: After the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 Cabo Corso Castle was to be returned to Swedish administration.
September 1655: The Dutch moved an army to the Delaware River in the summer of 1655, easily capturing Fort Trinity and Fort Christina. The Swedish settlement was incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on September 15, 1655.
July 1655: Sweden seized Dünaburg.
October 1656: Besieged Dorpat surrendered to Tsar Alexis of Russia.
November 1657: Ermland returned to Poland.
March 1657: The Swedes stayed in Danzig until February 1657.
5.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
January 1658: The Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk in 1657.
5.2.Dano-Swedish War (1657-58)
Was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the Second Northern War.
February 1658: After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt was crossed and the island Funen captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland, Lolland and Falster.
5.3.Treaty of Roskilde (1658)
Was a treaty concluded during the Second Northern War that forced Denmark-Norway to give up a third of its territory to Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Bohuslän was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 in Scania between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The treaty ended the Second Northern War and resulted in Scania being ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the island of Bornholm was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant territorial change in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Trondelag was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1658: The Swedish took control over Ven in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658.
5.4.Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660)
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
August 1658: On August 16 the Swedes arrived at Helsingør, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated.
September 1658: Swedish invaded Zealand in August 1658.
December 1659: Printzensköld was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
September 1658: Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
November 1658: Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg.
May 1659: The Swedes abandoned their last positions at Fredriksodde.
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
6.1.Swedish-Brandenburg War
Was the fight between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the first part of the Scanian War, when Swedeish troops invaded Brandenburg.
6.2.Bremen-Verden campaign
Was the invasion of Bremen-Verden (at the time part of Sweden) by an alliance of countries led by Denmark during the Scanian War.
6.3.Invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia
Was the invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia during the Scanian War.
6.4.Scanian Theatre (Scanian War)
Was the Scanian theatre of war in southern Sweden during the Scanian War.
6.5.Gyldenløve War
Was a Norwegian invasion of Sweden led by its Governor-General Ulrik Frederick Gyldenløve.
6.6.Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg at the end of the Scanian War.
6.7.Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)
Was a peace treaty between Denmark-Norway and Sweden at the end of the Scanian War.
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
7.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
April 1700: Danish troops set out on March 17, 1700 and occupied several places in Holstein-Gottorf.
7.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
July 1704: On July 14, 1704, the city of Tartu fell into Russian hands.
July 1701: Battle of the Dvina: the Saxons were repulsed by the Swedish army led by King Charles XII.
August 1704: Russian forces captured Narva.
February 1700: Siege of Riga by Polish forces (1700).
March 1700: The Saxons took neighboring Dünamünde (March 13-15, 1700) and renamed it Augustusburg during th occupation.
October 1700: In mid-September, a Russian advance guard advanced into Swedish territory, and on October 4, 1700, the main Russian army with about 35,000 soldiers began the siege of Narva.
October 1700: Polish forces besieged the castle of Kokenhausen from autumn 1700 and conquered it on October 17, 1700.
November 1700: Battle of Narva (30 November 30, 1700): the Swedish troops crushed the numerically superior Russian army.
January 1702: On December 30, 1701, Russian forces defeated the Swedish Livonian army in the Battle of Erastfer.
January 1702: After the victorious Russians had plundered Erastfer and nearby regions, they withdrew again as they feared an attack by Swedish forces.
July 1702: Battle at Hummelshof.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
June 1704: In early June 1704, Dorpat (Tartu) was surrounded by Russian forces.
June 1704: Siege of Narva (1704).
August 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
August 1702: Since the remaining Swedish forces were too weak to oppose the Russians in open battle, Wolmar and Marienburg as well as the rural areas of Livonia fell into Russian hands in August.
June 1704: Battle of Wesenberg.
September 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
7.1.2.Danish Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Danish theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
April 1700: Danish troops entered Tönning.
August 1700: Charles XII of Sweden attacked Denmark by land and sea, forcing the country to sign a peace treaty. The rulers of Sweden and Denmark signed the Peace of Travendal (August 18, 1700), which restored the status quo ante.
August 1700: The Swedish army, having landed on Zealand, marched against Copenhagen.
August 1700: A Swedish army of 10,000 landed on Zealand under the protection of their ship guns.
7.1.3.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
July 1702: Battle of Klissow.
November 1705: Since Count Ogiński was unsuccessful in his continued struggle on August II's side, the Swedish party finally gained the upper hand in Lithuania.
January 1707: Moreover, in 1706 a Russian army had invaded and occupied western Poland.
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
October 1705: As a result of the Battle of Rakowitz, Stanislaus Leszczyński was crowned the new Polish king on October 4, 1705 in Warsaw. […] Only Greater Poland, West Prussia, Mazovia and Lesser Poland submitted to him, while Lithuania and Volhynia continued to support Augustus II and Peter I.
January 1702: King Charles XII of Sweden took Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland, and thus took the whole Duchy.
May 1702: Charles XII of Sweden and his army marched against Warsaw, which surrendered without a fight on May 14, 1702.
July 1702: Charles XII of Sweden occupied Kraków on July 31, 1702. Sweden now controlled the residence city of Warsaw and the coronation city of Kraków.
May 1703: Battle of Pultusk (1703).
May 1703: Siege of Thorn (1703).
October 1703: The Swedes under King Charles XII. conquered the fortress of Thorn after a month-long siege.
January 1704: The city of Posen was conquered by the Swedes in 1703.
September 1704: Swedish storming of Lviv.
October 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Western Prussia was occupied by Sweden under the leadership of King Charles XII. The successful military occupation of the territory led to other cities in the region submitting to the Swedish king out of fear and admiration for his military prowess.
October 1704: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth captured Warsaw (1704).
November 1704: Battle of Tillendorf.
December 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia led a large army into Belarus, capturing key cities like Vilnius, Minsk, and Grodno. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Russian influence in the region.
March 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
November 1709: The fishing village of Råå falls under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
April 1706: Battle of Klezk.
March 1706: Battle in Nyasvizh.
May 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
7.1.4.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
November 1706: Russian forces ended the siege of Vyborg and left the area.
October 1708: Battle of Koporje.
September 1708: Battle of the Neva.
October 1702: Siege of Nöteborg.
October 1702: Russian conquest of Nöteborg (actual Shlisselburg) after a siege.
April 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
October 1706: Russian forces started besieged the city of Vyborg.
July 1708: Sack of Porvoo by Russian forces.
August 1708: The Russians leave Porvoo.
May 1703: Naval battle at the mouth of the Neva. the Neva was now fully controlled by Russian forces.
July 1703: The rest of Ingermanland including Jaama and Koporje could also be occupied by the Russians within a few weeks after taking Nyenschantz by a Russian infantry command under Major General Nikolai von Werdin.
7.1.5.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
August 1708: On August 21, the Swedes occupied Chemikow on the Sosh River.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl of Sweden reached the Bug River on July 17, 1709. The pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire, ending Charles XII's Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat against Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl reached the Bug on July 17, where the pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire. This ended Charles' Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat.
October 1707: On September 7, 1707, it crossed the Polish border near Steinau an der Oder. Menshikov's army avoided battle and withdrew from the western part of Poland.
January 1708: In mid-January 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden led his army out of Masuria and arrived in Grodno on January 28, 1708. The Swedish military occupation of Grodno was part of their campaign during the Great Northern War against the Russian Empire.
March 1708: Tsar Peter, who met with Menshikov not far from the city, considered the strength of the Russian army too weak to be able to stop the Swedish army there and ordered a further retreat to the Lithuanian-Russian border […] The Swedish advance lasted until the beginning February until the army of Charles XII. moved into winter camp near the Lithuanian town of Smorgon.
June 1708: After the start of the summer campaign on June 1st, the Swedish army crossed the Berezina on June 18th. The Russian forces were able to elude an attempted evasion by the Swedes and withdrew behind the next river barrier, the Drut.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
September 1708: Battle of Molyatichi.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
September 1708: Swedish General Lewenhaupt reached the Dnieper River. The crossing took a week, allowing the Russian forces to close in and eventually chase the Swedes.
January 1709: In 1709, during the Great Northern War, Weprik was besieged and stormed by Swedish forces under the command of King Charles XII. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
February 1709: Battle of Krasnokutsk.
April 1709: Siege of Poltava.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper. Charles XII of Sweden fled to Turkish Moldavia.
July 1708: In 1708, during the Great Northern War, King Charles XII of Sweden halted the advance of the Swedish main army at Mogilev, awaiting General Lewenhaupt's reinforcements and supply trains from Livonia. This strategic decision was crucial for the Swedish military occupation of Mogilev.
December 1708: Siege and storming of Weprik.
7.2.Civil war in Poland (1704-1706)
1704 - 13 October 1706: part of a larger European conflict, the Great Northern War. It focused on the struggle for the Polish throne between King Stanisław I supported by his Warsaw Confederation and Sweden, and the Russian-backed Sandomierz Confederation of Augustus II the Strong. The war ended with Stanisław's victory and the Treaty of Altranstädt in 1706 in which August II renounced his claims to the Polish throne.
January 1704: 1704 - 13 October 1706: part of a larger European conflict, the Great Northern War. It focused on the struggle for the Polish throne between King Stanisław I supported by his Warsaw Confederation and Sweden, and the Russian-backed Sandomierz Confederation of Augustus II the Strong. The war ended with Stanisław's victory and the Treaty of Altranstädt in 1706 in which August II renounced his claims to the Polish throne.
7.3.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
August 1709: After the Russian army invaded Poland and Peter I negotiated with his former ally, the Elector of Saxony canceled the Peace of Altranstädt with Sweden in August. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
August 1709: The Russian invasion of Poland and its victory at Poltava, revived the anti-Swedish alliance which came to include Saxony, Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Hanover. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
7.3.1.Danish Invasion of Schonen
Was the Danish invasion of Schonen (in Sweden) during the Great Northern War.
January 1710: In December, Denmark controlled almost all of central Skåne with the exception of Malmö and Landskrona.
April 1710: After the Battle of Helsingborg, the Danish units were so weakened that they left Scania and embarked for Denmark. By March 5, the last remains of the Danish army left Scania after intentionally slaughtering all their horses and sabotaging their cannons by spiking them.
7.3.2.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1711: On August 29, 1711, Danish troops under the command of their king invaded Damgarten in Swedish Pomerania.
October 1712: In 1712, Ottersberg and Verden were occupied by Kurhannover, led by Elector George Louis. The occupation was a response to the Danish increase in power, as Kurhannover did not want to be cut off from the sea again. This move was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during that time.
January 1712: The conflict in Wismar in 1712 ended with the withdrawal of the Danish corps led by Lieutenant General Jørgen Rantzau on January 19. This marked a victory for the Swedish forces in the region during the Great Northern War.
January 1712: Frederick IV of Denmark withdrew to Wismar and Mecklenburg on January 7, 1712, leaving the territories he had occupied in Swedish Pomerania.
September 1712: End of Polish-Lithuanian siege of Stralsund.
February 1710: Russian storming of Elbing (today: Elbląg).
August 1711: Danish-Norwegian forces put Wismar under siege.
September 1711: From September 7, 1711, Stralsund was besieged by the Danish-Norwegian army.
July 1712: Wismar was occupied by the Danish army.
September 1712: In 1712, the Danish army, led by King Frederick IV, invaded the Swedish Duchy of Verden. The city of Stade was handed over to the Danes on September 6, 1712.
October 1712: On October 1, 1712, Bremerland fell as well. With that, the whole of Bremen-Verden was conquered by Denmark.
November 1712: Until 7 November 1712 Wismar unsuccessfully besieged by a Danish corps.
May 1713: Magnus Stenbock was surrounded in Tönning in February 1713 with 11,000 men by a superior force of Danish, Russian and Saxon troops and, after a three-month siege, was forced to capitulate on May 16, 1713.
September 1713: By summer 1713 Sweden left all territories in Mecklenburg.
October 1713: A few days after the handover, the Allies agreed with Prussia in the Treaty of Schwedt, which was to take over the city as a neutral occupying power and was allowed to keep it in the future for a payment of 400,000 Reichstaler. After paying this sum, Prussian troops marched into Stettin on October 6, 1713.
November 1713: In the meantime, apart from Stralsund and the enclave of Wismar, Swedish Pomerania had been completely conquered by the allied Danes, Russians and Saxons or occupied by Prussia as a neutral power.
May 1715: Following Prussian and Hanoverian occupation, Denmark ceded Bremen-Verden to Hanover on May 2, 1715 in exchange for a compensation payment.
June 1712: Polish-Lithuanian forces besiege Stralsund.
September 1713: The city of Stettin surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
January 1713: On January 31, 1713, Russian troops pushed the Swedish army into the Tönning fortress belonging to Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf.
7.3.3.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
March 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
July 1710: Siege of Riga (1709).
July 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
July 1710: Siege of Pernau.
August 1710: Siege of Pernau.
September 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
October 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
January 1711: Capitulation of Arensburg (now Kuressaare) in present-day Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia.
August 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
June 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
January 1711: Conquest of the island of Ösel by the Russians.
7.3.4.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: Siege of Brăila.
July 1711: Battle of Stănileşti: the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under Peter the Great and Boris Sheremetev, were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
7.3.5.Swedish Campaign in Holstein
Was a Swedish military campaign in Holstein during the Great Northern War.
February 1713: The Swedish army leaves Altona.
December 1712: The Swedish army moved on to Rostock and took the city.
December 1712: Swedish forces defeated Danish forces at Galdebusch (20 December 1712).
January 1713: Swedish general Magnus Stenbock takes the city of Altona after a siege. Subsequently the Swedish army burnt the city down ("Einäscherung von Altona").
7.3.6.Russian Campaign in Finnland
Was a Russian military campaign in Finland, at the time part of Sweden, during the Great Northern War.
May 1713: In 1713, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great's Russian forces landed near Helsingfors (now Helsinki). The Swedish commander Georg Lybecker preemptively burned the city to prevent its capture, leading to its eventual occupation by the Tsardom of Russia.
May 1713: On the evening of May 22, 1713, Russian marines unopposed landed near the city of Borgå (modern-day Porvoo).
October 1713: Battle of Pälkäne.
March 1714: The Battle of Storkyro was a decisive victory for the Russian forces led by Tsar Peter the Great over the Swedish army in Finland. The defeat led to the complete occupation of Finland by the Tsardom of Russia in 1714.
August 1714: The whole of Åland was under Russian control.
7.3.7.Swedish-Norwegian Front in the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war on the border between Sweden and Norway in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
December 1714: In the fall of 1714, Russian troops led by Tsar Peter the Great landed near Umeå, Sweden. The Swedish garrison quickly abandoned the city after a brief skirmish, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia's military occupation of the territory.
7.3.8.Pomeranian Campaign
Was a joint Danish, Prussian and Polish military campaign in Pomerania during the Great Northern War.
June 1715: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The city was besieged by the forces of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, leading to its surrender and subsequent division of the territory between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Denmark, and Prussia.
December 1715: Surrender of the Swedish garrison of Stralsund Fortress on December 23, 1715.
August 1715: Storming of the Peenemünder Schanze.
November 1715: The Allies succeeded in conquering Rügen on November 17th.
April 1716: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The Swedish forces, led by General Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, defended the city against the coalition of Danish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Prussian troops. The siege ended in 1716 with the territory of Wismar being divided among the victorious powers.
7.3.9.Norwegian Campaign (1716)
Was a Swedish invasion of Denmark-Norway during the Great Northern War.
July 1716: After the burning of the fleet by the Danes, the Swedish army was forced to return to Sweden in July.
November 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and the Norwegian fortress town of Fredrikshald. The siege resulted in the death of King Charles XII and the territory of Fredrikshald falling under Swedish military occupation.
December 1718: The Siege of Trondheim in 1718 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, successfully captured the city of Trondheim, leading to a military occupation of the territory.
December 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish King Charles XII was killed during the siege, leading to the territory of Fredrikshald being ceded to Denmark-Norway as part of the peace treaty.
January 1719: The Siege of Trondheim in 1719 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, unsuccessfully attempted to capture the city of Trondheim in Norway, which was then part of Denmark-Norway. The siege ended with the territory going back to Denmark-Norway.
April 1716: Oslo conquered by sweden.
7.3.10.Danish Invasion of Sweden
Was a Danish invasion of Sweden during the Great Northern War.
July 1719: The Danish captured Marstrand.
7.3.11.Russian Invasion of Sweden
Was the Russian invasion of Sweden during the second phase of the Great Northern War.
7.4.Phase 3: Sweden on the defensive (1710-1721)
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
7.5.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
7.5.1.Peace of Stockholm (1720)
Two treaties signed in 1719 and 1720 that ended the war between Sweden and an alliance of Hanover and Prussia.
February 1720: In 1720, the Kingdom of Prussia acquired Stettin, Western Pomerania up to the Peene River, and the islands of Usedom and Wollin from Sweden. This territorial exchange was part of the Treaty of Stockholm, negotiated by Swedish diplomat Johan Gyllenstierna and Prussian envoy Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow. The payment of two million thalers was made to Sweden as part of the agreement.
7.5.2.Peace of Frederiksborg
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by King Frederick I of Sweden and King Frederick IV of Denmark.
July 1720: All of Schleswig was now united under the Danish crown.
July 1720: From the occupied Gottorf, Denmark returned only the Holstein parts to Duke Karl Friedrich,.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by Swedish King Frederick I and Danish King Frederick IV.
7.5.3.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
September 1721: In 1721, Russia evacuated the military occupied territories in Livonia and Estonia at the end of the Great Northern War. The territories were returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Treaty of Nystad, signed by Russian Tsar Peter the Great and Swedish King Frederick I.
September 1721: Russia evacuates the military occupied territories at the end of the war.
September 1721: This event occurred during the Great Northern War, a conflict between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. The territories in Finland were occupied by Russia but were later evacuated as part of the peace agreement, returning to the control of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 553
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 169
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 177
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 179
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 210
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 25
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 26
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 196
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 202
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Northern Wars
