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Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
Chronology
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January 1634: In 1633, the Duchy of Lorraine was occupied by France due to the hostile stance of its duke, Charles IV.
February 1661: The Peace of Vincennes in 1661 marked the end of the conflict between the Duchy of Lorraine and the Duchy of Upper Lotharingia. The French, under King Louis XIV, withdrew their forces from the territory as part of the peace agreement.
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1618: On May 23rd, 1618, the Catholic emissaries of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II are thrown out of a window of Prague Castle. This event, called the "Defenestration of Prague", marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. Bohemia revolts against the Empire.
November 1618: Battle of Lomnitz: The Bohemians defeat the Imperials commanded by the Count of Bucquoy.
June 1619: The Bohemian army under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn first forced the Moravian estates to join the uprising, then invaded the Austrian homelands of the Habsburgs and stood before Vienna on June 6, 1619.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy, a general in the Habsburg army, defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a leader of the Protestant rebels, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
October 1619: Bohemian attack on Vienna led by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.
October 1619: The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal Bucquoy is able to drive away Bohemian forces from Vienna.
November 1619: In 1619, Bohemian leader Heinrich Matthias von Thurn besieged Vienna.
July 1620: The Battle of White Mountain took place in 1620 near Vienna. The Imperial forces, led by Charles de Bucquoy, defeated the Bohemian and Palatine troops commanded by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn. This marked a significant victory for the Catholic Habsburgs in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1620: Saxon troops occupied Lusatia.
November 1620: Tilly and Bucquoy crush the Bohemian rebels at the Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) near Prague on November 8, 1620.
January 1621: After the Battle of the White Mountain, Beuthen reverted to Bohemia as a fief.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a key leader of the revolt, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
July 1619: The Bohemian Confederation was a treaty of alliance between the non-Catholic Estates of the Bohemian crown lands. It was formed in Prague on July 31, 1619. The Confederation regulated the state order of the Crown of Bohemia in a new way. The king, as the monarchical head of the group of countries, was largely deprived of power and governmental power was placed in the hands of the estates. Bohemia became an elective monarchy again. At the same time, the relationship between the communes was changed. The estates of the neighboring countries of Moravia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia were put on an equal footing with those of Bohemia. From then on they were allowed to take part in the election of the king. Protestantism was practically declared the state religion.
October 1619: Siege and capture of Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava) by the Bohemian rebels. It is a defeat of the imperial forces commanded by Rudolf von Tiefenbach by Gabriel Bethlen.
January 1621: Habsburg forces led by Charles de Bucquoy captured Karlštejn.
May 1621: The Imperials captured Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).
November 1618: On November 21, 1618 the city of Pilsen was taken by the Calvinist rebels. It was the first major battle of the Thirty Years' War, and the starting point of the Bohemian Revolt.
October 1620: A meeting of all Protestant princes in Nuremberg called by Frederick in December 1619 was only attended by members of the Protestant Union, while in March 1620 the Emperor was able to bind the Protestant princes who were loyal to the Emperor to himself. Electoral Saxony was promised Lusatia for its support. With the Ulm Treaty, the Catholic League and the Protestant Union concluded a non-aggression agreement, so that Friedrich could no longer expect any help. That is why in September the league army was able to invade Bohemia unhindered via Upper Austria.
1.2.War in Palatinate
Was the theatre of war in Palatinate during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1622: German Protestant military leader Christian of Brunswick captures Lippstadt.
September 1620: Ambrosio Spinola was a Spanish general who led the military occupation of the Left Rhine territories of the Palatinate in 1620. Spinola was known for his successful campaigns in Flanders and was tasked with expanding Spanish control in the region.
December 1621: German Protestant military leader Christian of Brunswick takes Amöneburg, not far from Mainz.
January 1622: Christian of Brunswick captures Soest.
September 1622: From the summer of 1622, the territories of the Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine were occupied by the troops of the Catholc League. Frederick V of the Palatinate eventually lost his electoral dignity on February 23, 1623, which was transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria.
September 1622: The Catholic League led by General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captured the Protestant city of Heidelberg.
November 1622: General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captures Mannheim.
August 1623: In 1623, in Palatinate, Frederick V of the Electoral Palatinate signed an armistice with Ferdinand II after Tilly defeated a Protestant army led by Christian of Brunswick in the Battle of Stadtlohn. This marked the end of the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1621: Frederick V, Elector Palatine and his wife Elizabeth Stuart withdrew to Flanders in the spring of 1621 after losing the Battle of White Mountain in the Left Rhine territories of the Palatinate.
January 1622: After the defeat of Elector Friedrich V in the Battle of Weißer Berg near Prague on November 8, 1620, the Upper Palatinate was occupied by Bavaria in 1621, re-catholicized and annexed in 1628.
1.3.War in Netherlands
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1625: In June 1625, after a siege of almost a year, the Dutch city of Breda was forced to surrender.
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
2.1.War of Valtellina
Was a war over the control of Valtellina (today in northern Italy) mainly between Spain and France.
January 1636: In 1631 the French organized a new military campaign, aimed at driving the Spaniards out of Valtellina, which was to be returned to the Three Leagues. In 1635 the Catholic Spaniards were finally driven out.
January 1638: In 1637, Jürg Jenatsch, a Protestant leader in the Grisons region, converted to Catholicism and led a revolt against the Duke of Rohan and the French, resulting in their expulsion from Valtellina and other Grisons lands.
August 1620: The Grisons were forced to retreat north of the Alps and the Valtellina was militarily invaded by the Spaniards.
2.2.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
June 1628: In the spring of 1628 the Savoy army occupied Trino, Alba and Moncalvo, the cities of Monferrato assigned to them by the Treaty of partition.
June 1628: Charles-Emmanuel laid siege to Casale, the capital of Montferrat, in 1628. This led to tensions and conflicts over territorial control in the region.
March 1629: In March 1629, the French forces led by King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse, allowing them to lift the siege of Casale in the Duchy of Mantova. This marked a significant victory for the French in the ongoing conflict in Italy.
March 1629: Pinerolo conquered by france.
January 1630: In 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II sent a Landsknecht army to besiege Mantua. Charles left without the promised support from Louis XIII of France. The siege lasted until July 1630, when the city, already struck by a plague, was brutally put to the sack for three days and three nights by troops led by Count Aldringen and Gallas.
April 1631: Peace of Cherasco on 6 April 1631: Ferdinand II recognized Charles of Nevers as the legitimate successor of Vincent II, who however had to cede to Victor Amadeus I, new duke of Savoy who succeeded his father after the latter's death, many lands of Monferrato (in particular Trino and Alba).
April 1631: Cesare II Gonzaga, duke of Guastalla and son of Ferrante, obtained Luzzara and Reggiolo.
October 1630: On October 13, 1630, with the treaty of Regensburg, Ferdinand II (now under the threat of the Swedish invasion) and the French ambassadors agreed for the recognition of the succession of Charles of Nevers, the cession of Pinerolo and Casale to Spain and the French commitment not to enter into anti-Habsburg alliances.
April 1631: Savoy had to leave the fortress of Pinerolo to France in exchange for the withdrawal of the troops.
January 1631: The military occupation of Mantua ended in 1630, as Ferdinand II had to focus on the war in Germany.
2.3.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois, led by Henri de Montmorency, returned home to Oyonnax, abandoning most of their conquests in the region.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
May 1636: The French army besiege Dole.
August 1636: As troops from the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Charles IV of Lorraine, were approaching Dole, the Prince of Condé ordered the French army to end the siege of Dole and retreat.
March 1637: On March 29, 1637, the town of Saint-Amour in the bailiwick of Aval was besieged by the Duke of Longueville, despite a week's resistance from its inhabitants. The town falls into the hands of the French, along with several other surrounding villages.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
September 1639: After the death of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1639, the Marquis de Saint-Martin, a French military leader, took over the territories of Nozeroy, Château-Vilain, and the Château de La Chaux.
April 1639: La Chaux conquered by france.
April 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Count of Guébriant, a French military commander, seized Château-Vilain from the Spanish forces.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois forces, led by French military leader Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, won the battles of Martignat and captured Oyonnax. However, due to a lack of sufficient troops, they were unable to hold onto the territory, which ultimately fell to the Spanish Netherlands.
2.4.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
March 1644: In February 1644, the Swedish General Gustav Horn with an army of 11,000 men occupied much of the Danish provinces of Halland and Scania, except for the fortress town of Malmø.
August 1645: Second Treaty of Brömsebro.
January 1644: By the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in possession of Swedish troops.
Was a war in in what is now the Swiss canton of Graubünden that started as a revolt by local Catholics against their Protestant overlords.
February 1622: In January 1622, Graubünden had to cede the Müstair, the Lower Engadine, and Prättigau valleys to the Swiss Associate Territories.
October 1621: Emboldened by the murder of Pompeius Planta, the Protestant forces in the Three Leagues assembled an army to retake the Valtellina and other subject lands. This attempted invasion gave the Spanish and Austrians an excuse to invade the Leagues. By the end of October, Spain and Austria had occupied all of Graubunden.
March 1626: The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina.
January 1628: In 1627, the French forces, led by Cardinal Richelieu, withdrew from Valtellina, a valley in northern Italy. The Papal troops, under the command of Pope Urban VIII, then occupied the territory as part of the ongoing power struggle in the region.
September 1639: On 24 January 1639, Jürg Jenatsch was killed. On 3 September 1639 the Leagues agreed with Spain to bring the Valtellina back under League sovereignty, but with the promise to respect the free exercise of the Catholic faith. Treaties with Austria in 1649 and 1652, brought the Müstair and Lower Engadine valleys back under the authority of the Three Leagues.
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
September 1625: In 1625, the Spanish army occupied Acqui, a town in Italy.
March 1625: The French formed a 30,000-strong army that began operations against Genoa in February 1625. The attack caught the Genoese Republic unprepared. Most of the Republic was overrun.
March 1625: The French captured Voltaggio.
November 1625: By October the Republic of genoa recuperated all the territories lost to the French (with the exception of the castle of La Penna) and additionally conquered Oneglia, Ormea, and a number of localities in Piedmont.
November 1625: In 1625, the Lérins Islands, including Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat, were conquered by the Spanish army. The islands are known for their historical significance, including being the location where the Man in the Iron Mask was imprisoned.
November 1625: Albenga is occupied by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1627: In 1626, the territory of Albenga returned to the Republic of Genoa.
March 1625: French forces led by the Duke of Lesdiguières stormed the towns of Capriata, Novi, and Rossiglione in Italy.
September 1625: In 1625, the Republic of Genoa, led by the Doge Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale, marched against Casale, reclaiming the territories of Gavi and Novi from the Duchy of Savoy.
4.1.Treaty of Monzón
Was a treaty that ended the Veltellina War and the Ligurian theatre of War of the Thirty Years' War.
March 1637: The Spanish retained Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat until they were reconquered by the French admiral Philippe de Poincy.
Was the second main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Denmark.
April 1625: The Danish king occupied the towns of Verden and Nienburg, which belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian imperial district.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, defeated the Protestant armies in the Battle of Lutter. This victory allowed them to conquer the Lutheran Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Westphalian Prince-Bishopric of Verden, threatening the Calvinist city of Bremen.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, conquered the Lutheran Prince-Bishopric of Verden in the Holy Roman Empire. This victory allowed them to threaten the Calvinist city of Bremen and expand their control in the region.
May 1629: In 1629 Denmark signed the Peace of Lübeck with the Catholic League and withdrew from the war. The treaty restored to Christian IV of Denmark his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and not to interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.
September 1627: In the summer of 1627, Wallenstein advanced into northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula in just a few weeks. Only the Danish islands remained unoccupied by the Imperialists because they had no ships.
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
July 1630: In 1630, Stettin was occupied by the Swedes.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
May 1631: In the Thirty Years' War, Magdeburg was conquered by imperial troops under the commander Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, of the Catholic League on May 20, 1631 (May 10 according to the Julian calendar).
June 1631: The city of Magdeburg was conquered by the Catholic League troops under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, during the Thirty Years' War in May 1631. The city had been under siege for months before its fall.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
September 1631: The Catholic League led by General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captured the fortress of Pleißenberg near Leipzig.
September 1631: On September 17, 1631, the Swedish army under Gustav Adolf met the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld north of Leipzig.
November 1631: Capture of Prague by the Saxon army under Hans Georg von Arnim.
December 1631: Gustav Adolf II of Sweden crosses the Rhine with his army and besieges Mainz.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
May 1632: The Swedes arrive in Landshut but are defeated by the Imperial troops led by John of Werth of May, 14th 1632.
May 1632: The Swedish army, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, captured Munich.
May 1632: In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, the military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein, who was a prominent general in the Habsburg army, besieged and captured the city of Prague.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
August 1632: Occupation of Trier by the French.
August 1632: The Dutch forces, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, successfully captured the city of Maastricht from the Spanish occupiers in 1632.
December 1632: Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin take Deutz.
December 1632: Swedes had to retreat from Deutz after a powerful counterattack.
March 1633: Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, as the German imperial prince, was able to achieve a leading position. He occupied Bamberg in February 1633.
March 1633: The Swedish troops of Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg capture the city of Hameln.
April 1633: Count Peter Melander of Holzappel's Hessians take Paderborn.
September 1633: The Swedes take Osnabrück.
November 1633: The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar capture Ratisbon (today known as Regensburg).
December 1633: The lack of payment of wages led to mutinies among the soldiers, causing delays in the swedish conquest of Regensburg until November 1633.
June 1634: Conquest of Philippsburg by Sweden.
June 1634: In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, Donauwörth was taken by the Imperial Army led by Johann von Aldringen.
July 1634: The Catholic League, led by Johann von Aldringen, successfully recaptured the city of Regensburg from the Swedes in July 1634. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, as the territory was then handed over to the Duchy of Bavaria.
March 1635: The Spaniards recapture Trier from the French.
April 1632: The French military under the command of Marshal Urbain de Maillé-Brézé occupied the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein in 1632 as part of their campaign in the Rhineland.
April 1633: The Swedish army captured Landsberg am Lech.
December 1631: Mainz conquered by sweden.
July 1630: Gustav Adolf led his army to Usedom, a strategic island in the Baltic Sea.
November 1632: Withdrawal of the Wallenstein army to winter quarters in Saxony, Gustav Adolf was forced to stand by the allied Saxons.
6.1.Peace of Prague
Was a treaty during the Thirt Years' War that ended the war between Catholics and Protestants.
May 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Electoral Saxony (ruled by the Albertines) gained control of four administrative offices in the territory of Magdeburg. This transfer of power was part of the territorial realignment that occurred as a result of the war.
May 1635: According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg.
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, a French expedition led by Sir du Mé annexed Îles des Saintes.
May 1648: In 1648 the bishopric of Verden was finally secularised as a result of the Peace of Westphalia. It became a principality and was transferred to the Swedish crown, whereby the existence of the Stift and the bishopric came to an end. It lasted from 1648 to 1712, with a break from 1675 to 1679, ruled together in personal union with the territory of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (formally the Duchy of Bremen and Principality of Verden) with their capital in Stade.
7.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
October 1640: When 14 regiments arrived to reinforce the imperial army at the end of September 1640, the Swedish army left the territories it occupied in Germany (with the exception of Pomerania).
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
August 1640: In 1640, the Swedes led by field marshal Banér moved through Thuringia via Saalfeld into Hesse and further near the town of Fritzlar, which was reached on August 31, 1640.
January 1644: In 1643, during the Torstensson War, Swedish forces occupied Jutland as part of their military campaign against Denmark.
January 1635: In 1634, Schorndorf was occupied by Sweden.
January 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Philippsburg was recaptured from the Swedes by Imperial troops led by the Spanish general Ottavio Piccolomini.
September 1635: Imperials under Matthias Gallas liberate Swedish-occupied Schorndorf (east of Stuttgart).
October 1636: The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War near the town of Wittstock on October 4, 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
January 1643: In 1642 Moravia was the target of the Swedish campaign. The Swedes conquered Olomouc.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
February 1645: The victory of Jankau in 1645 was achieved by Swedish military leader Lennart Torstensson during the Thirty Years' War. This triumph allowed Sweden to advance towards Vienna, a key strategic objective in the conflict.
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
April 1639: The Battle of Chemnitz took place during the Thirty Years' War, with the Swedes led by Field Marshal Johan Banér. Pirna, a town in Saxony, was occupied by the Swedish forces after their victory.
7.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
May 1635: Battle of Les Avins.
August 1636: In July 1647, Archduke Leopold, brother of the Emperor and Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands, recaptured Landrecies from the Kingdom of France. The stronghold had been conquered by the French eleven years earlier.
January 1637: Lens is annexed by the Kingdom of France.
June 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the French army led by Marshal Chatillon successfully captured the town of Hesdin in northern France after a failed attempt at Saint-Omer.
August 1640: Arras conquered by france.
October 1641: During the spring of 1641 and until September 1641, other Spanish strongholds, such as Aire-sur-la-Lys, Lens, Bapaume and La Bassée, fell to the French military occupation led by King Louis XIII and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu.
August 1643: The siege of Thionville in 1643 was led by French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, against the Spanish-held city.
October 1646: Siege of Dunkirk.
August 1648: Archduke Leopold William of Habsburg captured Lens.
October 1637: Breda, a city in the southern Netherlands, surrendered to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, after a six-month siege in 1637. This victory was a significant achievement for the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in their ongoing struggle against the Spanish Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War.
7.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
August 1645: French general Mercy and the Duc d'Enghien defeated the Imperial army at the Second Battle of Nördlingen on August 3.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
September 1635: Jean de Werth takes over Heidelberg and then Speyer for the Imperials.
July 1636: On July 14, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was in the service of France, occupied the Alsatian town of Saverne.
July 1636: French conquest of Landrecies.
August 1636: Maubeuge conquered by france.
August 1636: Spanish and Bavarian troops, commanded by Cardinal-Infant and Jean de Werth, occupy the French fortress of Corbie.
September 1636: French forces occupy La Capelle.
November 1636: During the Thirty Years' War, the frontier fortress of Corbie was recaptured by the French popular army led by Cardinal Richelieu in November 1636.
January 1637: Franche Comté conquered by france.
January 1637: Bohain conquered by france.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
March 1638: France occupies Neuenburg.
May 1644: Franz von Mercy, a Bavarian general who fought for the Holy Roman Empire, conquers Überlingen.
July 1644: The imperials took Freiburg.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
June 1637: The Imperial general John of Werth successfully forced the French troops to evacuate the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein near Koblenz.
April 1638: Freiburg conquered by france.
December 1638: France occupies Breisach.
7.4.Spanish Front (France)
Was the Spanish front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1646: The Siege of Lérida ended on November 22, 1646. The French army left Catalonia.
May 1641: The unsuccessful siege of Lérida in 1641 was led by Louis II de Bourbon, also known as Condé, a French military leader. The city was under Spanish occupation at the time, and the siege lasted from May 12 to June 17.
January 1637: In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, Spain seized Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a strategic town in the Southwest of France.
September 1638: In 1638 the French army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Hondarribia in Fontarrabie, Basque Country. As a result, the territory fell under Spanish military occupation.
January 1641: Catalonia recognizes Louis XIII of France as Count of Barcelona and Roussillon. France sends an army, commanded by Lamothe to take possession of the new province. Several places are taken and the siege is put in front of Tarragona which is also blocked by the French fleet commanded by the Archbishop of Sourdis.
September 1642: Siege of Perpignan.
May 1646: The French army besieged the city of Lérida from May 12, 1646.
May 1647: The Siege of Lérida in 1647 was a military campaign led by the French under the command of Grand Condé against the Spanish defenders. Despite the initial attack on May 12, the French were unable to capture the territory, resulting in a failed siege.
June 1647: The French siege of Barcelona, led by French military leader Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, was lifted on June 17, 1647. This marked a significant victory for the Catalan forces and their allies in the ongoing conflict between France and the Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
October 1642: Marshal de Lamothe was forced to evacuate Catalonia despite his success on October 7 against the Spaniards of Leganez at the Battle of Lérida.
7.5.Italian Front (Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War)
Was the north Italian front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1640: The French military leader Turenne captured the city of Turin, located in the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1641: In 1640, Savoy, ruled by Duke Charles Emmanuel II, fell under French military occupation.
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
January 1649: The region of Saarwerden returned to the Nassau-Saarbrücken line except Bockenheim.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1649: The Schwerin Prince-Bishopric is secularised as Principality for Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
October 1648: Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of Bavaria.
October 1648: Borders of the Dutch Republic at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: In 1648, the imperial city of Weissenburg was made part of France as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: The Minden Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: In 1648, the territory of Hagenau was ceded to the Kingdom of France as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Münster is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: With the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Further Pomerania was assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia who held the rights for inheritance (Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)). Hither Pomerania stayed with the Swedish Empire and henceforth became known as Swedish Pomerania. The border was settled in the Treaty of Stettin (1653).
January 1649: Borders at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: Borders of the Duchy of Savoy at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: Walkenried Abbey is secularised and suppressed.
January 1649: In 1648, the territory of Bisanz (modern-day Besancon) was transferred to the Spanish Netherlands as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
January 1649: Genova gave Pontremoli back to Spain.
January 1649: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: The Ratzeburg Prince-Bishopric is disestablished.
October 1648: France retained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except for Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan.
October 1648: The Murbach Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: At the end of the Thirty Years' War, several territories in Alsace were annexed by France.
January 1649: Fortress of Klis (Clissa) returned in venetian hands.
October 1648: The Halberstadt Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: Schlettstadt is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: In the 18th century, the Counts of Stolberg-Wernigerode, who were directly under the Empire, had to subordinate their territories to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Electorate of Hanover, while the Counts of Stolberg-Stolberg and the Counts of Stolberg-Roßla had to subordinate the County of Stolberg, which was divided between them, to the Electorate of Saxony.
January 1649: The Münster Prince-Bishopric fell to Sweden.
January 1651: Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Pfirt was to fall as Comté de Ferrette to the Kingdom of France, which finally took possession of the county in 1650.
January 1649: Marstetten was devastated during the Thirty Years' War. Its territoriy became de facto part of Bavaria.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Landau is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
Selected Sources
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 42-43
Johannes Arndt: Der Dreißigjährige Krieg 1618–1648. Reclam Sachbuch, Stuttgart 2009, S. 81–84.
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 144-145
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 146-147
Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
Sacchi, A. (1991): La Guerre de Trente ans: L'Empire supplicié, L'Harmattan, p. 542
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Schmiele, E. (1887): Zur Geschichte des schwedisch-polnischen Krieges von 1655 bis 1660, Berlin (Germany), p. 5
Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.191-195
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
Thirty Years' War
