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Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
Chronology
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Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
April 1700: Danish troops set out on March 17, 1700 and occupied several places in Holstein-Gottorf.
1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
January 1702: After the victorious Russians had plundered Erastfer and nearby regions, they withdrew again as they feared an attack by Swedish forces.
December 1702: The Russian army retreated to Pskov without occupying the territory conquered in Livonia.
July 1701: Battle of the Dvina: the Saxons were repulsed by the Swedish army led by King Charles XII.
June 1704: Battle of Wesenberg.
September 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
June 1704: In early June 1704, Dorpat (Tartu) was surrounded by Russian forces.
November 1700: Battle of Narva (30 November 30, 1700): the Swedish troops crushed the numerically superior Russian army.
July 1704: On July 14, 1704, the city of Tartu fell into Russian hands.
August 1704: Russian forces captured Narva.
February 1700: Siege of Riga by Polish forces (1700).
March 1700: The Saxons took neighboring Dünamünde (March 13-15, 1700) and renamed it Augustusburg during th occupation.
October 1700: In mid-September, a Russian advance guard advanced into Swedish territory, and on October 4, 1700, the main Russian army with about 35,000 soldiers began the siege of Narva.
October 1700: Polish forces besieged the castle of Kokenhausen from autumn 1700 and conquered it on October 17, 1700.
January 1702: On December 30, 1701, Russian forces defeated the Swedish Livonian army in the Battle of Erastfer.
July 1702: Battle at Hummelshof.
June 1704: Siege of Narva (1704).
August 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
August 1702: Since the remaining Swedish forces were too weak to oppose the Russians in open battle, Wolmar and Marienburg as well as the rural areas of Livonia fell into Russian hands in August.
1.2.Danish Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Danish theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1700: The Swedish army, having landed on Zealand, marched against Copenhagen.
August 1700: Charles XII of Sweden attacked Denmark by land and sea, forcing the country to sign a peace treaty. The rulers of Sweden and Denmark signed the Peace of Travendal (August 18, 1700), which restored the status quo ante.
August 1700: A Swedish army of 10,000 landed on Zealand under the protection of their ship guns.
April 1700: Danish troops entered Tönning.
1.3.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
May 1703: Siege of Thorn (1703).
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
October 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Western Prussia was occupied by Sweden under the leadership of King Charles XII. The successful military occupation of the territory led to other cities in the region submitting to the Swedish king out of fear and admiration for his military prowess.
December 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia led a large army into Belarus, capturing key cities like Vilnius, Minsk, and Grodno. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Russian influence in the region.
March 1706: Battle in Nyasvizh.
November 1709: The fishing village of Råå falls under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
July 1702: Charles XII of Sweden occupied Kraków on July 31, 1702. Sweden now controlled the residence city of Warsaw and the coronation city of Kraków.
May 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
November 1704: Battle of Tillendorf.
July 1702: Battle of Klissow.
November 1705: Since Count Ogiński was unsuccessful in his continued struggle on August II's side, the Swedish party finally gained the upper hand in Lithuania.
January 1707: Moreover, in 1706 a Russian army had invaded and occupied western Poland.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
October 1705: As a result of the Battle of Rakowitz, Stanislaus Leszczyński was crowned the new Polish king on October 4, 1705 in Warsaw. […] Only Greater Poland, West Prussia, Mazovia and Lesser Poland submitted to him, while Lithuania and Volhynia continued to support Augustus II and Peter I.
January 1702: King Charles XII of Sweden took Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland, and thus took the whole Duchy.
May 1702: Charles XII of Sweden and his army marched against Warsaw, which surrendered without a fight on May 14, 1702.
May 1703: Battle of Pultusk (1703).
October 1703: The Swedes under King Charles XII. conquered the fortress of Thorn after a month-long siege.
January 1704: The city of Posen was conquered by the Swedes in 1703.
September 1704: Swedish storming of Lviv.
October 1704: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth captured Warsaw (1704).
March 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
April 1706: Battle of Klezk.
1.4.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
November 1706: Russian forces ended the siege of Vyborg and left the area.
October 1708: Battle of Koporje.
September 1708: Battle of the Neva.
October 1702: Siege of Nöteborg.
October 1702: Russian conquest of Nöteborg (actual Shlisselburg) after a siege.
April 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
May 1703: Siege of Nyenschanz.
October 1706: Russian forces started besieged the city of Vyborg.
July 1708: Sack of Porvoo by Russian forces.
August 1708: The Russians leave Porvoo.
May 1703: Naval battle at the mouth of the Neva. the Neva was now fully controlled by Russian forces.
July 1703: The rest of Ingermanland including Jaama and Koporje could also be occupied by the Russians within a few weeks after taking Nyenschantz by a Russian infantry command under Major General Nikolai von Werdin.
1.5.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
September 1708: Battle of Molyatichi.
July 1708: In 1708, during the Great Northern War, King Charles XII of Sweden halted the advance of the Swedish main army at Mogilev, awaiting General Lewenhaupt's reinforcements and supply trains from Livonia. This strategic decision was crucial for the Swedish military occupation of Mogilev.
September 1708: Swedish General Lewenhaupt reached the Dnieper River. The crossing took a week, allowing the Russian forces to close in and eventually chase the Swedes.
February 1709: Battle of Krasnokutsk.
April 1709: Siege of Poltava.
December 1708: Siege and storming of Weprik.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
August 1708: On August 21, the Swedes occupied Chemikow on the Sosh River.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl of Sweden reached the Bug River on July 17, 1709. The pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire, ending Charles XII's Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat against Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl reached the Bug on July 17, where the pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire. This ended Charles' Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat.
October 1707: On September 7, 1707, it crossed the Polish border near Steinau an der Oder. Menshikov's army avoided battle and withdrew from the western part of Poland.
January 1708: In mid-January 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden led his army out of Masuria and arrived in Grodno on January 28, 1708. The Swedish military occupation of Grodno was part of their campaign during the Great Northern War against the Russian Empire.
March 1708: Tsar Peter, who met with Menshikov not far from the city, considered the strength of the Russian army too weak to be able to stop the Swedish army there and ordered a further retreat to the Lithuanian-Russian border […] The Swedish advance lasted until the beginning February until the army of Charles XII. moved into winter camp near the Lithuanian town of Smorgon.
June 1708: After the start of the summer campaign on June 1st, the Swedish army crossed the Berezina on June 18th. The Russian forces were able to elude an attempted evasion by the Swedes and withdrew behind the next river barrier, the Drut.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
January 1709: In 1709, during the Great Northern War, Weprik was besieged and stormed by Swedish forces under the command of King Charles XII. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper. Charles XII of Sweden fled to Turkish Moldavia.
1704 - 13 October 1706: part of a larger European conflict, the Great Northern War. It focused on the struggle for the Polish throne between King Stanisław I supported by his Warsaw Confederation and Sweden, and the Russian-backed Sandomierz Confederation of Augustus II the Strong. The war ended with Stanisław's victory and the Treaty of Altranstädt in 1706 in which August II renounced his claims to the Polish throne.
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
August 1709: After the Russian army invaded Poland and Peter I negotiated with his former ally, the Elector of Saxony canceled the Peace of Altranstädt with Sweden in August. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
August 1709: The Russian invasion of Poland and its victory at Poltava, revived the anti-Swedish alliance which came to include Saxony, Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Hanover. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
3.1.Danish Invasion of Schonen
Was the Danish invasion of Schonen (in Sweden) during the Great Northern War.
January 1710: In December, Denmark controlled almost all of central Skåne with the exception of Malmö and Landskrona.
April 1710: After the Battle of Helsingborg, the Danish units were so weakened that they left Scania and embarked for Denmark. By March 5, the last remains of the Danish army left Scania after intentionally slaughtering all their horses and sabotaging their cannons by spiking them.
3.2.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
September 1713: By summer 1713 Sweden left all territories in Mecklenburg.
May 1715: Following Prussian and Hanoverian occupation, Denmark ceded Bremen-Verden to Hanover on May 2, 1715 in exchange for a compensation payment.
August 1711: Danish-Norwegian forces put Wismar under siege.
October 1712: In 1712, Ottersberg and Verden were occupied by Kurhannover, led by Elector George Louis. The occupation was a response to the Danish increase in power, as Kurhannover did not want to be cut off from the sea again. This move was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during that time.
June 1712: Polish-Lithuanian forces besiege Stralsund.
August 1711: On August 29, 1711, Danish troops under the command of their king invaded Damgarten in Swedish Pomerania.
September 1712: End of Polish-Lithuanian siege of Stralsund.
September 1711: From September 7, 1711, Stralsund was besieged by the Danish-Norwegian army.
January 1712: The conflict in Wismar in 1712 ended with the withdrawal of the Danish corps led by Lieutenant General Jørgen Rantzau on January 19. This marked a victory for the Swedish forces in the region during the Great Northern War.
January 1712: Frederick IV of Denmark withdrew to Wismar and Mecklenburg on January 7, 1712, leaving the territories he had occupied in Swedish Pomerania.
February 1710: Russian storming of Elbing (today: Elbląg).
July 1712: Wismar was occupied by the Danish army.
September 1712: In 1712, the Danish army, led by King Frederick IV, invaded the Swedish Duchy of Verden. The city of Stade was handed over to the Danes on September 6, 1712.
October 1712: On October 1, 1712, Bremerland fell as well. With that, the whole of Bremen-Verden was conquered by Denmark.
November 1712: Until 7 November 1712 Wismar unsuccessfully besieged by a Danish corps.
May 1713: Magnus Stenbock was surrounded in Tönning in February 1713 with 11,000 men by a superior force of Danish, Russian and Saxon troops and, after a three-month siege, was forced to capitulate on May 16, 1713.
October 1713: A few days after the handover, the Allies agreed with Prussia in the Treaty of Schwedt, which was to take over the city as a neutral occupying power and was allowed to keep it in the future for a payment of 400,000 Reichstaler. After paying this sum, Prussian troops marched into Stettin on October 6, 1713.
November 1713: In the meantime, apart from Stralsund and the enclave of Wismar, Swedish Pomerania had been completely conquered by the allied Danes, Russians and Saxons or occupied by Prussia as a neutral power.
September 1713: The city of Stettin surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
January 1713: On January 31, 1713, Russian troops pushed the Swedish army into the Tönning fortress belonging to Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf.
3.3.Russian Offensive in the East
Was a Russian military campaign against the territories occupied by Sweden in eastern Europe and the Baltic during the Great Northern War.
August 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
January 1711: Conquest of the island of Ösel by the Russians.
July 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
July 1710: Siege of Pernau.
January 1711: Capitulation of Arensburg (now Kuressaare) in present-day Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia.
March 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
July 1710: Siege of Riga (1709).
August 1710: Siege of Pernau.
September 1710: Siege of Kexholm.
October 1710: Reval (today Tallinn) is besieged and taken by the Tsardom of Russia, along with Livonia and Estonia as all the Swedish forts had been conquered.
June 1710: Siege of Vyborg.
3.4.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
July 1711: Siege of Brăila.
July 1711: Battle of Stănileşti: the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under Peter the Great and Boris Sheremetev, were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
3.5.Swedish Campaign in Holstein
Was a Swedish military campaign in Holstein during the Great Northern War.
December 1712: Swedish forces defeated Danish forces at Galdebusch (20 December 1712).
February 1713: The Swedish army leaves Altona.
January 1713: Swedish general Magnus Stenbock takes the city of Altona after a siege. Subsequently the Swedish army burnt the city down ("Einäscherung von Altona").
December 1712: The Swedish army moved on to Rostock and took the city.
3.6.Russian Campaign in Finnland
Was a Russian military campaign in Finland, at the time part of Sweden, during the Great Northern War.
August 1714: The whole of Åland was under Russian control.
May 1713: On the evening of May 22, 1713, Russian marines unopposed landed near the city of Borgå (modern-day Porvoo).
March 1714: The Battle of Storkyro was a decisive victory for the Russian forces led by Tsar Peter the Great over the Swedish army in Finland. The defeat led to the complete occupation of Finland by the Tsardom of Russia in 1714.
May 1713: In 1713, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great's Russian forces landed near Helsingfors (now Helsinki). The Swedish commander Georg Lybecker preemptively burned the city to prevent its capture, leading to its eventual occupation by the Tsardom of Russia.
October 1713: Battle of Pälkäne.
3.7.Swedish-Norwegian Front in the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war on the border between Sweden and Norway in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
December 1714: In the fall of 1714, Russian troops led by Tsar Peter the Great landed near Umeå, Sweden. The Swedish garrison quickly abandoned the city after a brief skirmish, marking the beginning of the Tsardom of Russia's military occupation of the territory.
3.8.Pomeranian Campaign
Was a joint Danish, Prussian and Polish military campaign in Pomerania during the Great Northern War.
November 1715: The Allies succeeded in conquering Rügen on November 17th.
April 1716: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The Swedish forces, led by General Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, defended the city against the coalition of Danish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Prussian troops. The siege ended in 1716 with the territory of Wismar being divided among the victorious powers.
June 1715: The Siege of Wismar in 1715 was part of the Great Northern War. The city was besieged by the forces of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, leading to its surrender and subsequent division of the territory between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Denmark, and Prussia.
December 1715: Surrender of the Swedish garrison of Stralsund Fortress on December 23, 1715.
August 1715: Storming of the Peenemünder Schanze.
3.9.Norwegian Campaign (1716)
Was a Swedish invasion of Denmark-Norway during the Great Northern War.
July 1716: After the burning of the fleet by the Danes, the Swedish army was forced to return to Sweden in July.
November 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and the Norwegian fortress town of Fredrikshald. The siege resulted in the death of King Charles XII and the territory of Fredrikshald falling under Swedish military occupation.
December 1718: The Siege of Trondheim in 1718 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, successfully captured the city of Trondheim, leading to a military occupation of the territory.
December 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish King Charles XII was killed during the siege, leading to the territory of Fredrikshald being ceded to Denmark-Norway as part of the peace treaty.
January 1719: The Siege of Trondheim in 1719 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, unsuccessfully attempted to capture the city of Trondheim in Norway, which was then part of Denmark-Norway. The siege ended with the territory going back to Denmark-Norway.
April 1716: Oslo conquered by sweden.
3.10.Danish Invasion of Sweden
Was a Danish invasion of Sweden during the Great Northern War.
July 1719: The Danish captured Marstrand.
3.11.Russian Invasion of Sweden
Was the Russian invasion of Sweden during the second phase of the Great Northern War.
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
5.1.Peace of Stockholm (1720)
Two treaties signed in 1719 and 1720 that ended the war between Sweden and an alliance of Hanover and Prussia.
February 1720: In 1720, the Kingdom of Prussia acquired Stettin, Western Pomerania up to the Peene River, and the islands of Usedom and Wollin from Sweden. This territorial exchange was part of the Treaty of Stockholm, negotiated by Swedish diplomat Johan Gyllenstierna and Prussian envoy Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow. The payment of two million thalers was made to Sweden as part of the agreement.
5.2.Peace of Frederiksborg
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
July 1720: From the occupied Gottorf, Denmark returned only the Holstein parts to Duke Karl Friedrich,.
July 1720: All of Schleswig was now united under the Danish crown.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by Swedish King Frederick I and Danish King Frederick IV.
July 1720: In 1720, as part of the Treaty of Stockholm, Denmark returned the territories of Rügen and Western Pomerania north of the Peene, as well as the dominion of Wismar, to Sweden. This agreement was negotiated by King Frederick I of Sweden and King Frederick IV of Denmark.
5.3.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
September 1721: In 1721, Russia evacuated the military occupied territories in Livonia and Estonia at the end of the Great Northern War. The territories were returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Treaty of Nystad, signed by Russian Tsar Peter the Great and Swedish King Frederick I.
September 1721: Russia evacuates the military occupied territories at the end of the war.
September 1721: This event occurred during the Great Northern War, a conflict between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. The territories in Finland were occupied by Russia but were later evacuated as part of the peace agreement, returning to the control of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 553
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 196
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 202
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Great Northern War
