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The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Benevento
Principality of Benevento
Establishment
January 577: The foundation of the Duchy of Benevento dates back to 576 and the Lombards would therefore have arrived only later, around 590. What is certain is that the first duke was Zottone.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the invasion of the italian Peninsula, recently reconquered by the Eastern Romans from the Ostrogoths, by the Germanic people of the Lombards.
1.1.Rule of the Dukes
Was an interregnum in the Lombard Kingdom of Italy during which Italy was ruled by the Lombard dukes of the old Roman provinces and urban centres.
1.1.1.Siege of Naples (582)
Lombard siege of Naples.
January 582: Zotto, also known as Zotto I, was the Duke of Benevento who attempted to conquer Naples in 581 but was unsuccessful and had to abandon the siege. This event marked a failed military campaign by the Duchy of Benevento to expand its territory.
February 582: During the siege of Naples in 582, the Lombard king Zotto attempted to conquer the city but was ultimately unsuccessful. As a result, Naples remained under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
1.2.Campaigns of Liutprand
Were a series of military campaigns by Lombard king Liutprand against the Byzantine Empire.
February 718: The Duchy of Benevento took possession of Cuma.
January 719: The Byzantine duke of Naples, John I, reconquered Cumae.
Was the siege of Byzantine-controlled Naples by the Lombard Duke of Spoleto.
January 593: Siege of Naples by Lombards from Benevento together with Ariulfo Duke of Spoleto.
February 593: The tribune Costantium, sent to Naples by Pope Gregory the Great, managed to repel the besiegers from Naples.
Capua was conquered by the Lombards.
January 595: In 594, the city of Capua fell into the hands of the Lombards, specifically the Duchy of Benevento, during the Lombard invasion of Italy. The Lombards were a Germanic tribe that ruled much of Italy during the Early Middle Ages.
Venafro was conquered by the Lombards.
January 596: The Longobard conquest of Venafro in 595 resulted in the territory coming under the control of the Duchy of Benevento. This event marked the end of the ability to elect a bishop in Venafro, as the Longobards imposed their own governance and control over the region.
Were the military campaigns of Arechi I, the Lombard duke of Beveneto, that led to the conquest of Nola and Crotone.
January 597: Fall of Nola to Lombard forces from the Duchy of Benevento.
January 600: Arechi I of Benvento conquers Atella.
January 601: A Byzantine fleet conquered back Crotone.
January 602: Lombard forces of the Duchy of Benevento conquer Nuceria Alfaterna.
January 642: At his death, the Byzantine garrisons in the South were greatly reduced. Only Naples, Amalfi, Gaeta, Sorrento, part of Calabria and the seaside cities of Puglia (Trani, Bari, Brindisi, Otranto) remained in Byzantium.
5.1.Lombard conquest of Crotone
The Lombard duke of Beveneto conquered Crotone.
January 597: Fall of Nola and threat against Amalfi (the Longobards made many prisoners, who were ransomed by the pope) and also the conquest of Crotone, however too exposed to the attacks of the Byzantine fleet and soon lost again.
In 646, Slavic invadors landed near Siponto on the Adriatic and plundered southern Italy.
January 647: In 646, Slavic plunderers landed near Siponto on the Adriatic. Aiulf personally led his forces against the intruders, but his horse fell into a pit dug by the Slavs around their camp and he was surrounded and killed.
February 647: In 646, Slavic plunderers landed near Siponto on the Adriatic. Aiulf personally led his forces against the intruders, but his horse fell into a pit dug by the Slavs around their camp and he was surrounded and killed.
Romuald II of Benevento took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716.
January 717: Romuald II took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716 and ignored Pope Gregory II's pleas and offers of compensation for restitution. In 717, the pope funded an expedition of John's which decisively defeated his gastald's army and displaced his men from Cuma.
January 718: Romuald II took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716 and ignored Pope Gregory II's pleas and offers of compensation for restitution. In 717, the pope funded an expedition of John's which decisively defeated his gastald's army and displaced his men from Cuma.
Were a series of wars between the Frankish and Lombard Kingdoms. Charlemagne finally incorporated the Kingdom of the Lombards in the Frankish Kingdom.
8.1.Frankish Invasion of Italy (775)
Was the second military campaign of Frankish king Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was annexed to the Frankish possessions.
January 788: In 787 the siege of Salerno by Charlemagne forced him to submit to the lordship of the Franks.
January 789: Grimoald III, who had also succeeded in overturning the balance of power with the Franks, obtaining from them a partial submission.
Were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th century. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
January 841: Arabs from recently conquered Sicily established a Muslim settlement in Taranto in 840.
Was the Sack of Capua by Saracen mercenaries incitated by the Duke of Bevenento, Radelchis I.
January 842: Radelchis was the prince of Benevento, a Lombard principality in southern Italy. The Saracen mercenaries were North African Muslim soldiers hired to fight in Italy. The sack of Capua in 841 was part of the ongoing power struggles between Lombard princes in the region.
February 842: Radelchis was the prince of Benevento, a Lombard principality in southern Italy. The Saracen mercenaries were North African Muslim soldiers hired to fight for Radelchis. The sack of Capua in 841 was a result of this alliance, causing destruction and chaos in the region.
Was the Arab invasion and conquest of Bari, at the time part of the Duchy of Benevento.
January 848: In 860 the Duke of Benevento was defeated in Bari by Muslim forces and forced into an armistice with the emir and the payment of tributes. The Muslims established the Emirate of Bari in the conwiered territories.
Was a treaty that detached the Principality of Salerno from the Duchy of Benevento.
January 852: Division of the principality of Benevento sanctioned by the emperor Ludwig II with the capitulary of 851. The Principality of Salerno was born from the division.
In May 859, a massive joint expedition of Salerno, Naples, Amalfi, and Suessola marched on the Principality of Capua.
June 859: In May 859, a massive joint expedition of Salerno, Naples, Amalfi, and Suessola marched on Benevento.
July 859: In May 859, a massive joint expedition of Salerno, Naples, Amalfi, and Suessola marched on Lando. Lando was in a paralysis at that time and his son Lando II took up arms to defend the city of Capua. He defeated the forces sent against them at the bridge of Teodemondo over the Volturno.
A military campaign of the Emirate of Bari against the Duchy of Benevento.
January 867: It was not before the spring of 867 that Louis began his action against the Emirate. He immediately laid siege to Matera and Oria, recently conquered, and set the former on fire. Oria had been a prosperous center before the Muslim conquest. The scholar Barbara Kreutz hypothesizes that Matera resisted Ludovico while Oria would have opened its doors to him and it is perhaps for this reason that Matera was razed to the ground.
14.1.Frankish conquest of Matera and Oria
The Principality of Benevento reconquered Matera and Oria from the Emirate of Bari with the support of Frankish troops.
January 868: It was not before the spring of 867 that Louis began his action against the Emirate. He immediately laid siege to Matera and Oria, recently conquered, and set the former on fire. Oria had been a prosperous center before the Muslim conquest. The scholar Barbara Kreutz hypothesizes that Matera resisted Ludovico while Oria would have opened its doors to him and it is perhaps for this reason that Matera was razed to the ground.
With the help of Frankish troops, the Duke of Benevento conquered the Emirate of Bari.
January 872: Frankish conquest of Bari.
Was a military campaign of Byzantine general Nikephoros Foka against both the Arab and the Lombards in southern Italy.
January 886: His successor, Niceforo Foca, conquered not only the last cities of Calabria remained in Arab hands but also managed to subdue the Lombard territories that separated Byzantine Calabria and Puglia. He was very clement to the conquered Lombards, exempting them from paying taxes and not using violence against them, and the local population remembered him for his good governance (885-886) by building a church in his honor. Leo VI in his tactics manual praises him as an example of how a general should behave in case he has to reorganize a recently conquered territory.
16.1.Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Apulia
Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Apulia.
January 887: Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Puglia.
The Lombard Dukes occupied Bari.
January 887: Theophylact conquered some Lombard cities in Campania, to which the prince of Benevento Aione, indignant, reacted by taking Bari. The following year the strategist Constantine arrived in Italy and managed to expel the Lombards from Bari.
The Byzantines conquered Bari from the Lombards.
January 888: Theophylact conquered some Lombard cities in Campania, to which the prince of Benevento Aione, indignant, reacted by taking Bari. The following year the strategist Constantine arrived in Italy and managed to expel the Lombards from Bari.
After the death of Landulf of Capua, the Duke of Benevento became co-regent with Landulf´s son who was still a child.
January 1008: In 1007, when his brother Landulf of Capua died, Pandulf assumed the government of the principality for the young heir, his nephew Pandulf III of Capua, son of Landulf,
The Principality of Capua became completely independent from the influence of Benevento.
January 1015: After the death of Pandolf II, Pandolf III returns to reign alone in Capua.
Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
21.1.Norman conquest of southern Italy
Were a series of military campaigns by Norman forces that slowly conquered southern Italy from the Bizyntine Empire and from local Lombard rulers.
January 1023: Within the first decades of the 11th century, the Normans, led by Gilberto Buatère, took up permanent residence in Ariano. In particular, the Norman county of Ariano was formally recognized in 1022 by Henry II of Franconia king of Italy and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
21.1.1.Norman-Lombard Revolt
Was a revolt by the Lombards and the Normans against Byzantine rule in southern Italy that led to the initial territorial acquisitions of the Normans in the region.
March 1041: The victory in the battle of Olivento constitutes the first stage for the Norman conquest of southern Italy. William of Hauteville settles in Ascoli Satriano, also takes Venosa and occupies Gravina.
March 1041: An alliance of Lombards and Normans besiege Melfi. On March 28, Lombard nobleman Arduin offers the citizens to open the doors and let the Normans enter as friends to free the city from the Byzantines. The Normans settle in Melfi.
May 1041: The Norman army, led by William of Hauteville and Arduin, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Montemaggiore and obtained possession of Apulia and the entire region between the Ofanto, Biferno and Matera valleys. The Normans also took possession of the lands of Acerenza, of the villages of Lavello, near the Ofanto river, of Matera and Genzano, on the via Herculea, where they built a castle.
September 1041: On 3 September 1041 at the Battle of Montepeloso, the Normans defeated Byzantine catepan Exaugustus Boioannes and brought him to Benevento. The rebel victory forced the Byzantine army to retreat to the coastal cities of Bari, Monopoli and Giovinazzo, leaving the entire interior of southern Italy to the Norman and Lombard rebels.
21.1.2.Conquest of the Theme of Langobardia
Were a series of military campaigns by the Normans to conquer the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia.
January 1049: In 1048, Drogo of Hauteville, a Norman nobleman and military leader, led an expedition into Calabria through the valley of Crati, near Cosenza
January 1053: The Norman conquest of the Molise is poorly documented. Boiano (the principal town) may have been conquered the year before the Battle of Civitate by Robert Guiscard.
Was the end of a period of Bavarian domain over Benevento and Capua.
January 1027: Pandulf IV of Capua was released by Emperor Conrad II in 1024 at the request of Prince Guaimar III of Salerno, who was hoping for a new ally. Aided by Guaimar and the Norman knight Rainulf Drengot, Pandulf immediately besieged Capua, his old domain that had been given to a new prince by the emperor. Pandulf was able to succesfully reconquer Capua.
January 663: Its destinies were closely linked to the Lombard royal crown only during Grimoald's reign.
January 672: Grimoald king of the Lombards: 662-671.
January 730: Liutprand marched on Spoleto and obtained the submission of the dukes Thrasamund II (Spoleto) and Romualdo II (Benevento), who swore allegiance to him.
January 775: After the fall of the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Lombard territories in Benevento remained as a rump state and maintained their de facto independence. The duke did not miss the opportunity to raise his dignity and assumed the title of Prince, elevating his domain to a Principality.
January 839: The Principality of Benevento conquered Amalfi under Duke Sicardo.
September 839: On September 1, 839, Amalfi obtained administrative autonomy (although there was formal protection of Byzantium through the Duchy of Naples); it was a de facto freedom.
January 840: The Duchy of Gaeta was established in the early years of the 9th century.
January 876: In 875, the city of Bari returned to the Byzantine Empire.
January 892: In the meantime, the Byzantine Empire returned to its position, reconquering a large part of Puglia and occupying Benevento itself.
January 895: Occupation of Benevento by the Byzantine Empire.
January 900: In 899, Atenulph I of Capua conquered Benevento and unified the two duchies.
January 983: Landulf IV was forced to divide his principality with his cousin Pandulf II, who became prince of Benevento.
January 1023: Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, in 1022, conquered Capua and Benevento.
Disestablishment
January 1054: Robert Guiscard conquered Benevento in 1053 and declared its formal subjection to the papacy.
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