Frankish Lombard War
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Were a series of wars between the Frankish and Lombard Kingdoms. Charlemagne finally incorporated the Kingdom of the Lombards in the Frankish Kingdom.
Chronology
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Was the first War between Pepin the short, King of the Franks, and Aistulf, King of the Lombards.
February 756: The Frankish army leave Pavia, ending the siege of the city.
January 756: Worried about the rise of Lombard power, Pope Stephen II asked for the intervention of Pepin the Short, king of the Franks. The Frankish king was also freshly indebted to the papacy for legitimizing his usurpation against the Merovingians and wanted to prevent the highest Catholic religious authority, also influential within his kingdom, from becoming a vassal of the Lombards. In the spring of 755 Pepin moved against the Lombard and faced them in battle at the locks of the Val di Susa, inflicting a severe defeat on his enemies. The Lombard king fled to Pavia, which was besieged by Pepin.
Was the Siege of Rome by Lombard King Aistulf.
February 756: Shortly after the withdrawal of the Frankish army Aistulf returned to the offensive, besieging Rome again (756). The siege lasted from January to March. In early April, Astolfo lifted the siege and returned to Pavia. In April the Alpine passes became passable again, so Pippin could have gone down to Italy and invaded its territories.
May 756: Shortly after the withdrawal of the Frankish army Aistulf returned to the offensive, besieging Rome again (756). The siege lasted from January to March. In early April, Astolfo lifted the siege and returned to Pavia. In April the Alpine passes became passable again, so Pippin could have gone down to Italy and invaded its territories.
Was the second War between Pepin the short, King of the Franks, and Aistulf, King of the Lombards.
July 756: Aistulf capitulated and had to suffer even harsher peace conditions (Second Peace of Pavia, June 756). Pepin donated the conquered lands to the Apostolic See.
January 757: Pippin, in 756, crossed the Alps again at the Moncenisio pass (Pippin's second expedition against Astolfo). The Longobards, having left Rome, had taken to the locks of the Alpine passes, where they were defeated by the Franks (April 756). Then, with his nephew Tassilone III of Bavaria, Pepin devastating the region pursued them up to Pavia, which was placed under siege.
February 757: Pippin, in 756, crossed the Alps again at the Moncenisio pass (Pippin's second expedition against Astolfo). The Longobards, having left Rome, had taken to the locks of the Alpine passes, where they were defeated by the Franks (April 756). Then, with his nephew Tassilone III of Bavaria, Pepin devastating the region pursued them up to Pavia, which was placed under siege.
Was a military campaign of Lombard King Desiderius against the Papal States.
April 772: In January 772 Pope Stephen III died, succeeded by Adrian I, who got rid of the head of the pro-Lombard party. Desiderio grasped the danger of a new alliance between the pope and the Franks and attempted to thwart it diplomatically. However, Hadrian remained adamant in his demand for the complete execution of the previous agreements, with the cession to the papacy of all the territories he claimed. Desiderio then went on the offensive, again invading the Exarchate, reconquering Faenza, Ferrara and Comacchio and threatening Ravenna.
November 772: At the end of 772, Desiderius intensified military pressure by occupying Senigallia, Jesi and Gubbio, entering the Roman Duchy and threatening Rome itself.
Was the first military campaign of Frankish King Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards.
May 773: Hadrian excommunicated the Lombard king and asked for help from Charlemagne. The Frankish king was at the time engaged in the wars against the Saxons, but nevertheless answered the call to save his prestige as protector of the papacy. In the spring of 773 Charles gathered his army near Geneva and divided it into two sections: one would descend the Valle d'Aosta, defended by Adelchi, the other, led by Charles himself, would follow the traditional route across the Moncenisio. There, at the Chiuse near Susa, Desiderio managed to hold back the Franks, but the front manned by Adelchi gave way under the impact of the army led by Carlo's uncle, Bernardo.
Was the second military campaign of Frankish king Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was annexed to the Frankish possessions.
January 775: Charles conquered the Lombards and thus included northern Italy in his sphere of influence.
January 775: In 776, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, conquered the Duchy of Spoleto, adding it to his expanding Carolingian Empire. This conquest came two years after the fall of Pavia, another significant victory for Charlemagne.
January 775: In 774 the pontiff gave him the title of patricius Romanorum. Charles donated Roman Tuscia (with the centers of Ronciglione, Viterbo, Tuscania, Soana) together with some centers of Longobard Tuscia (Populonia, Rusellae and Castrum Felicitatis) and to Ancona, Numana and Osimo: a total of ten cities;.
January 776: Passed under the control of the francs together with the Longobardia Maior.
January 777: In 776, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, conquered Spoleto, a territory in Italy. This victory came two years after the fall of Pavia, another significant conquest for Charlemagne and his Carolingian Empire.
January 789: Grimoald III, who had also succeeded in overturning the balance of power with the Franks, obtaining from them a partial submission.
January 789: Territorial gains of the Holy see by 788 based on maps.
February 789: The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administrated by Frankish prefects.
January 788: In 787 the siege of Salerno by Charlemagne forced him to submit to the lordship of the Franks.
January 783: Pope Adrian renounced Terracina and, in exchange, obtained Sabina from the Franks.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
