Conquest of the Theme of Langobardia
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Were a series of military campaigns by the Normans to conquer the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia.
Chronology
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January 1049: In 1048, Drogo of Hauteville, a Norman nobleman and military leader, led an expedition into Calabria through the valley of Crati, near Cosenza
January 1053: The Norman conquest of the Molise is poorly documented. Boiano (the principal town) may have been conquered the year before the Battle of Civitate by Robert Guiscard.
January 1056: Count of Apulia and Calabria Humphrey conquered Oria, Nardò, and Lecce by the end of 1055.
January 1060: Calabria was conquered by the Normans. Of the peninsula's significant cities, only Reggio remained in Byzantine hands.
January 1061: Although the conquest of Reggio required an arduous siege, Robert's brother Roger had siege engines prepared and was able to conquer the city from the Byzantines.
January 1065: Robert Guiscard, a Norman nobleman and military leader, conquered Taranto in 1064. He was the Duke of Apulia and Calabria.
January 1066: The Normans conquer Brindisi and Oria.
January 1067: Byzantine naval commander Mabrica briefly retook Brindisi and Taranto from the Normans.
February 1067: The Byzanines had to leave Brindisi and Taranto.
November 1060: Under the catapan Miriarch, the Byzantines retook Taranto, Brindisi, Oria, and Otranto from the Normans.
January 1101: In 1100 Robert of Loritello, a Norman noble, extended his principality across the Fortore, taking Bovino and Dragonara.
January 1106: Hugh of Boiano expanded the Norman Duchy of Apulia and Calabria eastward (occupying Toro and San Giovanni in Galdo) and westward (annexing the Capuan counties of Venafro, Pietrabbondante and Trivento in 1105).
January 1055: In 1054 Lombard and Norman forces captured the city of Trani from the Byzantines.
January 1058: Most of Apulia (except the far south and Bari) capitulated to the Normans in campaigns by the fraternal counts William, Drogo and Humphrey.
April 1071: The last Byzantine possession in Italy, in 1068, the city of Bari was besieged by the Normans, who wrested it from the Byzantines in 1071.
January 1064: Geoffrey, son of Peter I of Trani, conquered Otranto in 1063.
January 1079: The Normans conquered the Lombard county of Teate (modern Chieti). Robert I of Loritello, an Italo-Norman nobleman and the eldest son of Geoffrey of Hauteville, soon reached as far north as Pescara and the Papal States. In 1078 Robert allied with Jordan of Capua to ravage the Papal Abruzzo, but after a 1080 treaty with Pope Gregory VII they were obligated to respect Papal territory.
