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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Empire of Trebzond
Empire of Trebzond (Mongol Empire)
Empire of Trebzond (Ilkhanate)
Establishment
April 1204: The empire traces its foundation to April 1204, when Alexios Komnenos and his brother David took advantage of the preoccupation of the central Byzantine government with the encampment of the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade outside their walls (June 1203 - mid-April 1204) and seized the city of Trebizond and the surrounding province of Chaldia.
November 1204: In 1204, the Empire of Trebizond, led by Alexios, captured Kerasous, Cide, Amasra, and Heraclea Pontica along the Byzantine coast. Additionally, they took control of Limnia, Samsun, and Sinope, expanding their territory significantly.
November 1204: In 1204, the territory of Samsun and its surroundings fell under the control of the Empire of Trebizond.
November 1204: Soon after the sack of Constantinople in 1204 parts of Crimea were annexed by the Empire of Trebzond.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
1.1.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
January 1205: The Principality of Theodoro was formed in 1204, during the IV Crusade, in that part of the thema of Klimata in the Crimea which was not occupied by the Genoese.
Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1205: A Georgian army under the command of Alexios and David Komnenos attacked the Byzantines from the east in late March or early April 1204. According to Georgian chronicles the expedition took eight days, it reached Trebizond via Lazona and seized Trebizond in April.
February 1205: According to medieval sources, newly incorporated territories were given by Georgia to Alexios and David Komnenos, who founded a pro-Georgian state, the Empire of Trebizond.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
June 1243: Battle of Köse Dağ: Decisive Mongol victory. The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
January 1255: The Empire of Trebzond (Mongol Empire) captured Sinope in 1254.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
4.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
4.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
Was a series of conflicts fought in the 1340s for the succession of the throne of the Empire of Trebizond.
April 1340: On 6 April 1340, after the death of Basil Grand Komnenos, the governance of the empire was assumed by Irene Palaiologina. Irene was suspected of having had some share in causing his death. The captain-general of the Scholarioi, or city militia - the imperial guard which remained faithful to the memory of the emperor Basil and a body of the people, who hated Irene as a Constantinopolitan stranger - established themselves in possession of the great Monastery of St. Eugenios.
July 1340: The Trapezuntine Civil War ended when the megas doux, John the Eunuch, who had murdered the young emperor Manuel II, arrived at Trebizond from Constantinople to assist the empress.
July 1341: Anna, called Anachoutlou, the eldest daughter of the emperor Alexios II, had taken the veil and until this time had lived in seclusion. The opposition persuaded her to quit her monastic dress and escape to Lazia, where she was crowned empress and gained control over the region, and all the Laz and the Tzan people, recognised her as the legal heir to the throne for being nearest legitimate heir of her brother Basil. So Anna entered Trebizond triumphantly, followed by Laz warriors.
September 1341: The nobles of the Laz faction now became the sole possessors of political power in the Empire of Trebzond.
September 1341: Territorial change based on available maps.
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
6.1.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
January 1401: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.
January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
August 1461: After the emperor of the Empire of Trebizond refused to pay tribute and made an alliance with the Akkoyunlu Mehmed led a campaign against Trebizond by land and sea. After a siege of more than 32 days, Trebizond and the emperor surrendered and the Empire came to an end.
January 1215: Taking advantage of a conflict between the Latin Empire and Serbia, Theodore and Sultan Kaykaus I invaded the Empire of Trebizond simultaneously in 1214. Theodore forced David Komnenos to abandon Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea. Whether he conquered eastern Paphlagonia during this campaign, or only years later, is unclear. His conquest of the region put a narrow strip of land along the Black Sea coast under Nicaean control, and thus removed the emperors of Trebizond from the competition for Constantinople.
January 1215: Sinop conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1262: Amisus (Simesso/Samsun) was one of the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea from 1261.
January 1266: Sinop returned to Turkish control in 1265.
January 1278: In 1277, the territory of Sinope was taken over by the Pervâneoğulları, a small and short-lived beylical dynasty. The Pervâneoğulları ruled over Sinope and its surrounding region for a brief period of time.
January 1311: In 1310, the city of Erzurum was occupied by the Empire of Trebizond, which was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire. The Ilkhanate, a Mongol khanate, also had control over the region during this time.
January 1311: The Beyliks of Canik were a group of small Turkoman principalities in northern Anatolia during the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1310, the territory of Canik was established, encompassing regions that were previously under the control of the Seljuk Empire. The Beyliks of Canik played a significant role in the political landscape of Anatolia during this period.
January 1329: An the Anatolian beylik of the Eretnids succeeded the Ilkhanid governors in Anatolia and ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea, Sebastea and Amaseia in Central Anatolia.
January 1337: The Empire of Trebzond ceases to be a vassal of the Mongol Empire.
Disestablishment
August 1461: After the emperor of the Empire of Trebizond refused to pay tribute and made an alliance with the Akkoyunlu Mehmed led a campaign against Trebizond by land and sea. After a siege of more than 32 days, Trebizond and the emperor surrendered and the Empire came to an end.
Selected Sources
Ducas: Historia turco-bizantina 1341-1462, XXII [6]
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
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