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Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
Chronology
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January 1230: Ögedei Khan's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria, crushing the Eastern Xia regime and the Water Tatars. Ögedei Khan was the second ruler of the Mongol Empire.
January 1246: In 1245, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia became a protectorate of the Mongol Empire and later the Ilkhanate.
January 1210: In 1209 the Kingdom of Qocho became a vassal of the Mongol Empire.
January 1226: Mongol invasion of Central Asia.
January 1229: Genghis Khan died on 18 August 1227, by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea, an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire or the Muslim Caliphate at their height.
January 1231: The Mongols moved towards the west, gaining claim to parts of Russia, Ukraine, and whole countries in Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries.
January 1239: The Mongols, who in 1238 poured into the crimean peninsula, occupied its east.
January 1241: The first real invasion was as many as 3,000 people invaded Tibet in 1240, resulting in 500 Tibet deaths. Later, Tibet surrendered and became part of the Mongol Empire.
January 1242: The Golden Horde overran the Avar Khanate of Caucasus in 1241.
January 1243: The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242.
June 1243: Battle of Köse Dağ: Decisive Mongol victory. The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
January 1246: The city of Multan was captured by the Mongols under Sali Noyan in 1245-6.
January 1247: Anamur Region conquered by mongol empire.
January 1248: In 1247 Mongol khagan Güyük Khan made split the Kingdom of Georgia in an eastern and western part.
January 1250: The of Sudak city passed under Tatar control, although it retained considerable autonomy.
January 1251: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni.
January 1254: In 1253, the Dali Kingdom was conquered by the Mongols.
February 1258: The Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim.
January 1259: In 1258, Mongol forces captured Chengdu.
January 1259: The Ayyubids lost Diyar Bakr to the Mongols.
January 1259: Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Maraş was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
January 1259: In 1258, the Kesun area was incorporated into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which was a Christian state established by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion.
January 1259: When Hulagu headed further west, the Armenians from Cilicia, the Seljuks from Rum and the Christian realms of Antioch and Tripoli submitted to Mongol authority, joining them in their assault against the Muslims.
January 1261: In 1260, under the influence of his father-in-law, the Armenian king Hetoum I, Bohemond VI submitted to the Mongols under Hulagu, making Antioch a tributary state of the Mongol Empire.
January 1237: Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, overran the territories of the Bulgars, the Alans, the Kypchaks, Bashkirs, Mordvins, Chuvash, and other nations of the southern Russian steppe.
January 1263: During the closing years of Aku Bakr and Sa'd II, Fars fell under the dominion of Mongol empire and later the Ilkhanate of Hulegu.
January 1259: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
January 1248: The Mongols carved out the region of Samtskhe from Georgia and placed it under the direct control of the Ilkhanate.
January 1255: The Empire of Trebzond (Mongol Empire) captured Sinope in 1254.
January 1259: Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba.
By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in southern Siberia and Mongolia.
January 1207: Genghis Khan, a powerful Mongol leader, unified all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and southern Siberia by 1206. This marked the establishment of the Mongol Empire, which would go on to become the largest empire in history.
January 1207: The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan (c. 1162-1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206.
January 1207: In 1206, Temujin was crowned as the khagan (Emperor) of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Great Mongol State) at a Kurultai (general assembly/council). It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan (universal leader) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan, marking the start of the Mongol Empire.
January 1208: Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people, the Uriankhai, the Oirats, Barga, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Khori-Tumed, and Kyrgyz
January 1208: Early mongol conquests (northern and eastern mongolia).
Was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Western Xia was finally annexed to the Mongol Empire.
2.1.First Mongol invasion of Western Xia
Was the first Mongol military campaign in Western Xia. Western Xia became a Mongol vassal.
September 1209: After defeating a force led by Kao Liang-Hui outside Wulahai, Genghis Khan captured the city.
February 1210: After a nearly year-long siege of the capital, Yinchuan, although the diverted river accidentally flooded the Mongol camp, the Tangut emperor Li Anquan surrendered in January 1210.
2.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Western Xia
Was the second Mongol military campaign in Western Xia. Western Xia was inglobated in the Mongol Empire.
August 1225: When Genghis invaded the Islamic Khwarazmian dynasty in 1219, Western Xia attempted to break away from the Empire and ally with the Jin and Song dynasties. Angered by this betrayal, in 1225 Genghis Khan sent a second, punitive expedition into Western Xia. After taking Khara-Khoto, the Mongols began a steady advance southward.
August 1225: Genghis Khan lay siege to Suzhou, which fell after five weeks.
April 1226: Genghis then moved to Ganzhou, the hometown of his general Chagaan. Chagaan's father still commanded the city garrison, so Chagaan attempted negotiations with him. However, the second-in-command of the city staged a coup, killed Chagaan's father, and refused to surrender. The city took five months to subdue.
September 1226: Wuwei conquered by the Mongols.
October 1227: In September 1227, Emperor Mozhu surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed.
December 1226: Siege of Lingwu.
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the Mongols in Central Asia.
3.1.Conquest of the Qara Khitai
Was the Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai.
January 1217: In 1216, after requesting Muhammad II of Khwarazm not to aid Kuchlug, Genghis Khan dispatched general Jebe with two tumens. The two armies traveled alongside each other through the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains until arriving at Almaliq.
January 1217: In 1216, the Mongol general Jebe, also known as "The Arrow," conquered the city of Balasagun, which was the capital of the Qara Khitai. Jebe defeated a large army of 30,000 troops, forcing the Qara Khitai ruler Kuchlug to flee. This victory further expanded the territory of the Mongol Empire.
January 1219: Mongol general Jebe pursued Kuchlug, the ruler of Qara Khitai, across the Pamir Mountains into Badakhshan in modern Afghanistan. A group of hunters caught Kuchlug and handed him over to the Mongols, who promptly beheaded him. Qara Khitai was annexed to the Mongol Empire.
January 1211: The Uyghur state of Kara-Khoja was a vassal of the Qara Khitai, but in 1210, the Uyghur ruler of Kara-Khoja, Idiqut Barchuq appeared before the Khan to declare his allegiance to the Mongolians.
3.2.Conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
Was the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.
December 1219: Though the Mongols suffered losses and were exhausted from the crossing, their presence in the Ferghana Valley stunned the Khwarezm leadership and permanently stole the initiative away.
March 1220: Samarkand conquered by Mongol Empire.
June 1220: In 1220, during the Mongol Empire's conquest of Khorasan, the cities of Termez and Balkh were among the first to fall. Termez was an important trading city on the Amu Darya River, while Balkh was a historic city known for its cultural significance and strategic location on the Silk Road.
January 1221: In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya. The Mongols stormed Bukhara, Gurganj and the Khwarezmid capital Samarkand.
May 1221: After finishing off Merv, Tolui headed westwards, attacking the cities of Nishapur and Herat.
June 1221: By spring 1221, the province of Khurasan was under complete Mongol rule.
December 1221: The Battle of the Indus was fought at the Indus river, in the year 1221 between Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the sultan of the Khwarezmian dynasty and his only remaining forces of thirty thousand against the two hundred thousand strong Mongolian army of Genghis Khan: Khwarezmia was annexed to the Mongol Empire.
May 1221: Urgench conquered by Mongol Empire.
February 1220: Bukhara conquered by Mongol Empire.
January 1231: The Mongols conquered Azerbaijan.
3.3.Campaign against the Nizaris
Was a Mongol campaign against the Nizari Ismaili State.
November 1256: The Nizari Imam at Maymun-Dizh was Rukn al-Din Khurshah, the leader of the Ismaili sect. Hulagu Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. The surrender of the castle marked the end of the Nizari Ismaili stronghold in the region.
January 1257: Nizari leader Muqaddam al-Din finally surrendered to the Mongols in December 1256.
January 1257: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state in 1256.
Was the Mongol conquest of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China.
February 1234: The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. The Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9th, 1234.
November 1211: While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general Jebe travelled even further east into Manchuria and captured Mukden.
May 1215: Zhongdu fell to the Mongols on May 31, 1215.
January 1224: The Mongols systematically rooted out all resistance in Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong provinces from 1217-23.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, launched a successful attack on Fengxiang, a strategic city in northern China. This victory marked another step in the Mongol Empire's expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
April 1232: By 1232, the Jurchen ruler Emperor Aizong, of the Jin Dynasty, was besieged in Kaifeng by the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. This marked a significant turning point in the Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty.
February 1233: Mongol siege of Kaifeng.
November 1211: Battle of Yehuling.
4.1.Conquest of Eastern Xia
Was the Mongol conquest of Western Xia.
November 1214: During the mongol invasion Wannu used the opportunity to establish a breakaway state, originally based in Liaoyang. .
January 1217: In 1217, due to the Mongol Invasions, Eastern Xia ruler Puxian Wannu left the area of Liaoning. He relocated to northeast Manchuria along the border with Korea.
January 1218: In 1217, Wannu attempted a rebellion of Eastern Xia against his Mongol allies. This was swiftly subdued.
January 1222: At some point after 1221, Eastern Xia under the leadership of Wannu broke from the Mongols.
January 1234: In 1233, as part of a punitive expedition into Goryeo to force that dynasty's compliance, Ögedai sent Güyük and Alchidai to subdue Eastern Xia. The Mongol armies quickly overwhelmed Eastern Xia and Wannu was beheaded.
Was the Mongol invasion of Georgia, in the Caucasus.
April 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
December 1222: Approximately 20,000 Mongols led by Subutai and Jebe pursued the ousted Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian dynasty to the Caspian Sea. They thrust into Armenia, then under Georgian authority, and defeated some 10,000 Georgians and Armenians commanded by King George IV "Lasha" of Georgia and his atabeg (tutor) and amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) Ivane Mkhargrdzeli at the Battle of Khunan.
June 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
July 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
January 1239: The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238.
January 1239: The Mongols invaded Armenia and Georgia in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238.
May 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The last campaign made Goryeo a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.
6.1.First Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the first of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
June 1232: Mongol General Saritai began withdrawing his main force from Korea in the spring of 1232.
October 1231: Kuju is besieged by the Mongols.
January 1232: In 1231, Ögedei Khan ordered the invasion of Korea. The Mongol army crossed the Yalu river and quickly secured the surrender of the border town of Uiju.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, captured the territory of Anju. This conquest was part of the Mongol Empire's expansion into the Korean Peninsula and China, solidifying their control over the region.
February 1232: The Mongols were forced to retreat from Kuju.
6.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the second of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
December 1232: The Mongols occupied much of northern Korea.
December 1232: The Mongol general there, Saritai, was killed by the monk Kim Yun-hu amidst strong civilian resistance at the Battle of Cheoin near Yongin, forcing the Mongols to withdraw from Korea.
6.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the third of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
February 1236: In 1238, Goryeo sued the Mongols for peace. The Mongols withdrew from Korea, in exchange for Goryeo's agreement to send the Royal Family as hostages.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongols began a campaign that ravaged parts of Gyeongsang and Jeolla Provinces. Civilian resistance was strong, and the Royal Court at Ganghwa attempted to strengthen its fortress
6.4.Fourth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fourth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
January 1248: In 1247, the Mongols, led by Güyük Khan, launched their fourth campaign on the Korean Peninsula, capturing the entire Peninsula except for Ganghwa island and mountain forts.
February 1248: After Güyük Khan's death in 1248, the Mongols retreated from Korea.
6.5.Fifth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fifth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
September 1253: The Mongols agreed to a cease fire with Goryeo in January 1254 and left Korea.
August 1253: Military campaign in Korea led by Mongol Empire's general Bayan.
6.6.Sixth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the last of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire, and the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea finally became a vassal of Mongols.
January 1260: The Korean kingdom of Goryeo capitulated in 1259 and became a vassal.
January 1255: The Mongols under Jalairtai launched a devastating invasion of Korea.
February 1255: The Mongols leave Korea.
Was the Mongol conquest of the Chinese Song Dynasty.
February 1245: Huainan is reconquered by the Song Dynasty.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongol Empire, led by Kublai Khan, launched an offensive against the Song dynasty. They successfully captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan. However, they struggled to maintain control over these territories due to resistance from local forces.
February 1236: During the Mongol invasion in 1236, the Song Dynasty lost control of Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan.
January 1237: Xiangyang was a strategic city in China defended by Song general Cao Youwen. The city fell to the Mongol Empire in 1236, marking a significant victory for the Mongols in their conquest of China.
January 1240: In 1239, General Meng defeated the Mongols and retook Xiangyang.
January 1243: The Mongols captured Hangzhou and invaded Sichuan in 1242.
January 1244: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1245: In 1244, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Huainan, a city in southern China.
January 1246: In 1245, the Mongols, led by the famous conqueror Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, successfully occupied Shouzhou.
October 1253: Mongol forces occupy Lizhou.
January 1274: In 1273, Fancheng capitulated.
March 1276: When Bayan and Dong Wenbing camped outside Lin'an in February 1276, the Song Grand Empress Dowager Xie and Empress Dowager Quan surrendered.
January 1232: The Song patrols were under the command of Chancellor Jia Sidao, while the Mongol envoy was likely a representative of Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan. The raid on Sichuan was part of the Mongol Empire's efforts to expand their territory and exert dominance over the region.
January 1253: In 1252, the Mongol Empire, led by the Chinese general Wang Dechen, conquered Lizhou in Sichuan. This marked a significant expansion of Mongol territory in China during the reign of Kublai Khan.
January 1242: In 1241, during the Mongol invasion of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols under the command of Kublai Khan successfully captured Chengdu, a significant city in the Sichuan province of China.
February 1259: Möngke Khan's forces take Yazhou.
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered the Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century.
January 1243: In 1242, Daniel of Galicia captured Kyiv in an attempt to become the Grand Prince of all Rus.
March 1238: The forces of Vladimir Suzdal crossed the Volga to engage the Mongols.
January 1241: The Mongol invasion of Rus' left the Principality of Kyiv in a severely ruined state. Following the invasion, it was now under the formal suzerainty of the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, Alexander Nevsky, who in turn was a vassal to the Mongols.
November 1236: The Mongols extinguish the resistance of the weak Volga Bulgars, the Cumans-Kipchaks and the Alans.
January 1238: In December 1237, the Principality of Ryazan became the first of all other former states of Kievan Rus' to suffer from the Mongol invasion.
February 1238: The Mongols burnt down Kolomna and Moscow.
February 1238: After burning down Kolomna and Moscow, the Mongols proceeded to besiege the city Vladimir. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground.
March 1238: The forces of Vladimir-Suzdal were encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4. Vladimir-Suzdal became a Mongol vassal.
April 1238: In 1238, during the Mongol invasion of Rus', the Principality of Pereyaslavl, led by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, was conquered by the Mongol Empire. The territories of Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglich, and Kozelsk principalities fell under Mongol control.
January 1239: Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen cities of modern-day Russia: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver, and Torzhok.
January 1239: In 1238 Yaroslav was in Kiev, but Pereyaslavl and Tver put up fierce resistance to the Mongols. Pereyaslavl was taken by the Mongol princes together in 5 days .
January 1240: 1239 Mongol ruin.
January 1242: Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia conquered by mongol empire.
January 1243: The Principality of Kiev and surrounding communities became vassal states of the Golden Horde Khanate.
January 1243: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1244: The Galician troops were driven out of Kyiv.
January 1254: Danylo was crowned by the papal legate Opizo de Mezzano in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of all Rus.
April 1238: In 1238, during the Mongol invasion of Rus', Batu Khan led the conquest of several principalities including Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglich, and Kozelsk. These territories fell under the control of the Rostov Principality within the Mongol Empire.
January 1243: Only the Republic of Novgorod escaped the occupation but had to submit to the payment of a tribute.
The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
December 1236: The Mongol Empire conquered the Volga Bulgars in 1236.
Were a series of Mongol raids in Poland.
February 1287: In 1286, Mongol generals Talabuga and Nogai led an attack on Poland, causing widespread devastation in the country. This event marked a period of conflict between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1287: In 1286, Talabuga, a Mongol general, and Nogai, a prominent Mongol leader, launched a devastating attack on Poland as part of the Golden Horde's expansionist campaigns. The invasion resulted in widespread destruction and plundering of the Polish territory.
10.1.First Mongol Invasion of Poland
The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies.
November 1240: The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1240-1241 was led by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. The fragmented Polish forces, led by Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, were defeated at the Battle of Legnica. This invasion was part of the larger Mongol Empire's campaign of conquest in Europe.
January 1242: News that the Grand Khan Ögedei had died the previous year along with disagreements between the Mongol princes Batu, Guyuk, and Buri caused the descendants of the Grand Khan to return to the Mongol capital of Karakorum, leaving the Polish territories they had occupied.
January 1241: The Principality of Vorgol was destroyed during the Mongol invasion.
10.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Poland
The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
February 1260: End of the second Mongol invasion of Poland.
January 1260: The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
10.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Poland
The third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Nogai Khan and Talabuga in 1287-1288. As in the second invasion, its purpose was to loot Lesser Poland.
December 1287: The third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Nogai Khan and Talabuga in 1287.1288. Its purpose was to loot Lesser Poland.
January 1288: Mongol forces leave Poland after looting the region.
Were a series of Mongol raids in Hungary.
11.1.First Mongol Invasion of Hungary
Was a Mongol raid in Hungary.
May 1241: The Raid of March 1241 - April 1242 was a devastating invasion led by the Mongol Empire under the command of Batu Khan and Subutai. The invasion resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life in the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia. King Bela IV of Hungary was forced to flee to Austria.
April 1241: The Raid of March 1241 - April 1242 was a devastating invasion by the Mongol Empire into the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia. Led by Batu Khan and Subutai, the Mongols inflicted heavy casualties and widespread destruction, leaving a lasting impact on the region.
11.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Hungary
Was a Mongol raid in Hungary.
January 1286: Kingdom of Hungary raided by the Golden Horde.
February 1286: The Golden Horde leaves the Kingdom of Hungary.
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
12.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
12.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Germany
The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in December 1241 and January 1242.
January 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242.
February 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242. After the raid, the Mongols left these regions.
12.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Germany
The Mongols raided the March of Brandenburg.
January 1341: In 1340, the Golden Horde, led by Khan Jani Beg, raided the March of Brandenburg.
February 1341: End of Mongol raid in Brandenburg.
During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens (divisions) led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi.
June 1242: During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batu Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria in the spring of 1242 after defeating the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia.
July 1242: The Mongols leave Serbia and Burglaria.
The Mongol Empire launched several invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327.
November 1299: In late 1299, Chagatai Khan Duwa sent his son Qutlugh Khwaja to conquer Delhi.
February 1298: After being defeated by the Delhi Sultanate in the Battle of Jaran-Manjur, the Chagatai army left Punjab.
January 1298: In the winter of 1297, the Chagatai noyan Kadar led an army that ravaged the Punjab region, and advanced as far as Kasur.
December 1299: The Mongols retreated from India afteri being defeated at Kili. Their leader Qutlugh Khwaja was seriously wounded, and died during the return journey.
September 1303: The Mongols launched another invasion of India around August 1303. Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. He took shelter in a heavily-guarded camp at the under-construction Siri Fort.
October 1303: The Mongols ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately retreated after being unable to breach Siri.
January 1306: In December 1305, Chagatai khan Duwa invaded India and proceeded south-east to the Gangetic plains along the Himalayan foothills.
February 1306: Chagatai forces leave recently conquered territories in India.
January 1307: A Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the Ravi River, ransacking the territories along the way.
February 1307: In 1306, a Mongol army sent by Duwa, a Chagatai Khan, advanced up to the Ravi River, ransacking the territories along the way. The region up to the Ravi River was under the control of the Khalji Dynasty at that time.
January 1254: 1254-1255: The Kashmiris revolted in 1254–1255.
Were a series of military campaigny of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam). Vietnam was finally made a vassal of the Mongols.
15.1.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1258
Was the first invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1258: After the battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên King Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island, while the Mongols occupied the capital city Thăng Long.
15.2.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259
Was a Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259.
January 1259: The loss of the capital city led Trần Thái Tông to submit to the Mongol Empire.
15.3.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1285
Was the second major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1267: In 1266, the Vietnamese monarch Trần Thánh Tông (son of Trần Thái Tông) agreed in 1266 to acknowledge the overlordship of Kublai Khan, however in the following year, he rejected the "Six-Duties of a vassal state" of the Mongol Emperor gave, included the permit the stationing of a darughachi (regional general) with authority over the local administration.
January 1285: Yuan troops crossed the Friendship Pass (Sino-Vietnamese border's gate).
June 1285: In the Red River Delta, the combined Yuan land forces attacked the Vietnamese forces by land and river, destroyed several Vietnamese catapults (Hu dun pao) along the Red River, successful captured Đại Việt's capital Thăng Long and drove the Vietnamese forces and the Royal family to the coast.
June 1285: In 1285, during the Mongol invasion of Vietnam, Prime Minister Quang Khải of the Trần Dynasty led a successful counterattack at Chương Dương and Vạn Kiếp against the Yuan forces commanded by Toghan. This victory forced the Yuan to retreat back to China on June 9, 1285.
15.4.Mongol invasion of Champa
Was the invasion of Champa (central Vietnam) by the Mongols.
April 1284: Sogetu asked for reinforcements from Kublai but sailed home in March 1284.
February 1283: Sogetu's fleet arrived and landed in Champa's capital Vijaya in 17 February 1283, and captured the city two days later.
15.5.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1287-88
Was the third major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
May 1288: At the Bạch Đằng River, in April 1288, the Vietnamese prince Trần Hưng Đạo ambushed Omar's Yuan fleet in the third Battle of Bạch Đằng. The Vietnamese forces placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes. Omar himself was taken as a prisoner of war. The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.
November 1287: The Yuan Dynasty, led by Emperor Kublai Khan, successfully invaded Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) in 1287, looting the capital of Đại Việt. This marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion efforts.
The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, which was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate at that time.
January 1258: The Siege of Baghdad was led by Hulagu Khan, a Mongol ruler and grandson of Genghis Khan. The city was defended by the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph Al-Musta'sim. The siege resulted in the destruction of Baghdad and the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.
February 1258: The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad.
Was a Mongol raid in Lithuania.
January 1276: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
February 1259: The Mongols leave Lithuania after a devastating raid.
February 1280: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
February 1276: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
January 1326: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
February 1326: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
January 1280: Mongols raided Lithuania in 1275, 1279 and 1325.
January 1259: The Mongol invasion of Lithuania in 1258-1259 was led by the Mongol Empire under the command of Batu Khan. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by Mindaugas at the time, suffered significant devastation during the invasion.
Were a series of wars between the Mongols and the Muslim Dynasties of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
November 1260: Within a month, most of Syria was in Bahri Mamluk hands.
January 1260: The Mongols besieged Aleppo from 18 January to 24 January 1260.
March 1260: The Christian Mongol general Kitbugha captured Damascus.
September 1260: The Mamluks, led by Sultan Baibars, captured Damascus from the Mongols
March 1260: The last Ayyubid ruler, al-Nāṣir Yūsuf, was captured by the Mongols near Gaza that same year.
January 1265: Subsequently the lord of Mosul, under a Mongol protectorate, allied himself with the Mamluks and rebelled against Hulegu, but the Mongols managed to crush the revolt, destroying the city of Jazira in 1265.
18.1.Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Was a war between the Ilkhanate, a successor of the Mongol Empire, and the Mamluks.
January 1313: After about a month of fighting in which they suffered heavy casualties, the Mongols ultimately left the territories they had occupied in the levant.
January 1293: In 1292, it was invaded by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, who had conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre the year before. Hromkla was also sacked, forcing the Catholicossate to move to Sis. Het'um was forced to abandon Behesni, Marash, and Tel Hamdoun to the Turks.
January 1301: Small raiding parties raided all throughout Palestine, as far as Gaza, until the Mongol army withdrew in 1300 out of need of fodder.
January 1272: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1286: In 1281, following the defeat of the Mongols and the Armenians under Möngke Temur by the Mamluks at the Second Battle of Homs, a truce was forced on Armenia. Further, in 1285, following a powerful offensive push by Qalawun, the Armenians had to sign a ten-year truce under harsh terms. The Armenians were obligated to cede many fortresses to the Mamluks and were prohibited to rebuild their defensive fortifications.
December 1271: When the sultan Baybars advanced from Egypt the Mongol forces retreated beyond the Euphrates.
January 1281: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1293: Marash, a city in modern-day Turkey, was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, in 1292.
June 1300: When the Mamluks returned from Egypt, the Mongols retreated from the occupied regions in the Levant.
January 1262: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
January 1273: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
April 1277: The Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan.
May 1277: The Mamluks leave Anatolia.
October 1281: The Mongols were beaten back to the Euphrates river at the Second Battle of Homs.
November 1281: The Mongols of the Ilkhanate moved as far south as Homs.
January 1282: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
May 1285: Qalawun was the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt who raised an army in Damascus to besiege Margat in 1285. Margat was a fortress located in present-day Syria, strategically important for controlling the coastal region. The siege marked a significant event in the conflict between the Mamluks and the Crusader states.
November 1299: In late 1299, the Mongol Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan, son of Arghun, invaded Syria with his army. They crossed the Euphrates river and successfully took Aleppo, continuing south towards Homs.
December 1299: In 1299, the Mongol ruler Ghazan led his forces to besiege Damascus, which surrendered on December 30. Ghazan was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler, and Damascus was a key city in the region at the time.
February 1300: With the retreat of the majority of forces from both sides, for about three months, until the Mamluks returned in May 1300, Mulay's forces were in technical control over Syria.
December 1301: The Mamluk army in Syria withdrew without engaging in combat, which resulted in a panic in Damascus when they heard of the new threat from the Mongols. The Syrians of Hamat were able to achieve a small victory against the Mongols at a battle near Aleppo by the post of Hamat. This created order in Damascus, enough for the governor to send for a larger relief force from Egypt.
January 1305: Marash was finally taken by the Mamluks in 1304.
January 1313: Encouraged by the defection of some Syrian emirs, Ilkhan Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates in 1312 to attack the Mamluk Sultanate. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of Rahbat.
January 1300: Marash was recaptured by Hethum II, King of Cilician Armenia, in 1299.
January 1300: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Ilkhanate.
November 1281: The third major Mongol invasion of the Levant took place in 1281 under Ilkhan Abaqa Khan. He crossed the Euphrates and captured Aleppo.
November 1271: Second mongol invasion of Syria.
December 1301: In late 1300, Ghazan's forces (Ilkhanate) had dealt with the distraction of the Chagatai invasion on their northern border, and once again turned their attention to Syria. They crossed the Euphrates river between December 14, 1300 and November 1, 1301.
January 1300: Damascus conquered by Ilkhanate.
January 1304: The Ilkhanate returned to Syria in 1303, travelling unopposed down the Levant until they reached Damascus.
Was a Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace.
January 1264: The Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace in 1263 was led by Berke Khan of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate in Eastern Europe. The invasion was part of the wider Mongol conquests in the region, with the goal of expanding Mongol influence and control.
February 1264: The Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace in 1264 was led by the Mongol general Nogai Khan, who was a prominent military leader in the Golden Horde. The invasion resulted in the territory of Thrace falling under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
The Mongol Empire (and its successor the Yuan dynasty) made several incursions into the island of Sakhalin off the east coast of Siberia.
November 1264: The Mongols attacked the Ainu on Sakhalin Island.
July 1297: When the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in mid-1297, the Mongols caught up with them and defeated the invading Ainu near Lake Kizi.
January 1298: Perhaps reflecting the diminishing Mongol influence in the area, two Nivkh who had been centurions in the Mongol military defected to the Ainu in 1296, and the next year an Ainu force under the chieftain Waying crossed the strait on Nivkh boats and raided settlements on the continent.
February 1306: The Ainu were recorded to have made one more raid on the continent in 1305, which evaded the Mongol army.
January 1309: In 1308, the Ainu chieftains Waying and Yushannu, leaders of the indigenous Ainu people, communicated through the Nivkh, a neighboring ethnic group, that they desired to surrender to the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled over the southern part of Sakhalin Island at that time.
February 1298: End of Ainu raid on the Asian coast.
January 1266: The Ainu returned the next year to attack the Nivkh, killing some of their warriors.
January 1306: The Ainu, an indigenous people of Japan, made a raid on the Asian coast in front of the Strait of Tartary in 1305. The raid evaded the Mongol army, who were attempting to expand their territory in the region.
August 1297: When the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in mid-1297, the Mongols caught up with them and defeated the invading Ainu near Lake Kizi.
Were two unsuccesful campaigns by Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the Japanese archipelago .
21.1.First Mongol Invasion of Japan
Was the first Mongol invasion of the Japanese Archipelago.
November 1274: The Yuan fleet crossed the sea and landed in Hakata Bay.
November 1274: The Yuan invasion force set off from Korea on 2 November. Two days later they began landing on Tsushima Island.
November 1274: The Yuan Dynasty secured control of Tsushima Island.
November 1274: The Yuan fleet departed Tsushima on 13 November and attacked Iki Island. Kagetaka, the governor of Iki, gave a spirited defence with 100 samurai and the local armed populace before falling.
November 1274: In 1274, the Mongolian army, led by Kublai Khan, attacked the base of the Sashi Clan on Hirato Island, Taka Island, and Nokono Island. This was part of the Yuan Dynasty's efforts to expand their territory in Japan.
November 1274: The Yuan troops withdrew and took refuge on their ships after only one day of fighting with the Japanese. A typhoon that night, said to be divinely conjured wind, threatened their ships, persuading them to leave Japan and return to Korea.
21.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Japan
Was the first Mongol invasion of the Japanese Archipelago.
June 1281: Iki Island conquered by Yuan Dynasty.
June 1281: In 1281, during the Mongol invasions of Japan, the Eastern Route army led by Kublai Khan split their forces and attacked Hakata Bay and Nagato Province. The invasion force, unable to land, occupied the islands of Shiga and Noko, furthering their campaign against Japan.
June 1281: The Mongolian army was again defeated by the fierce Japanese attacks on the Islands of Shiga and Noko.
July 1281: In 1281, Ryōzōji Iekiyo, a Japanese samurai, successfully defended Iki Island against the Mongolian army during the Mongol invasions of Japan. This victory forced the Mongolian army to retreat to Hirado Island, marking a significant turning point in the conflict.
July 1281: In 1281, Ryōzōji Iekiyo, a powerful Japanese warrior, successfully repelled the Mongolian army from Iki Island. The Mongolian army retreated to Hirado Island.
August 1281: In 1281, during the Mongol invasions of Japan, the Japanese army, led by samurai generals like Kusunoki Masashige and Sasaki Takatsuna, took advantage of the disarray in the Mongol forces and launched a successful attack on the 100,000 soldiers left without commanders. This decisive move ultimately led to the repulsion of the Mongol forces from Japan.
June 1281: The Eastern Route army set sail first from Korea on 22 May and attacked Tsushima Island on 9 June.
Were two major military campaigns of the Mongols in Burma.
22.1.First Mongol invasion of Burma
Were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, a division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire took place between 1277 and 1287.
January 1280: Ngasaunggyan was conquered by the Pagan Kingdom.
December 1283: In 1283, the Burmese city of Ngasaunggyan was besieged by the Yuan Dynasty forces led by Kublai Khan. The Burmese defenders, led by King Narathihapate, held out for over two months before the fort finally fell to the Yuan forces. This event marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion into Southeast Asia.
December 1283: Kaungsin, a fortress in modern-day Myanmar, fell to the Yuan Dynasty in 1283.
February 1284: Yuan conquest of Tagaung.
December 1284: The Mongol army, led by Kublai Khan, renewed their offensive and retook Tagaung in 1284. Tagaung was a city in Myanmar that was previously under the control of the Yuan Dynasty. This victory was part of the Mongol Empire's expansion into Southeast Asia.
January 1285: In 1285, the Yuan Dynasty forces, led by Kublai Khan's general, defeated a Burmese stand south of Tagaung, near Hanlin. This victory solidified the Yuan Dynasty's control over the region and expanded their territory further into Burma.
July 1287: The king of the pagan kingdom wanted to submit fully to the Yuan Empire but the kingdom collapsed and the mongols were only able to integrate the occupied northern part in their empire. On 1 July 1287, the king was captured en route and assassinated.
May 1284: The Chinese found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive, and evacuated Tagaung, allowing the Burmese to return to the city.
March 1285: The country fell into chaos. The entire eastern half of Lower Burma (Pegu and Martaban) was in open revolt.
22.2.Second Mongol invasion of Burma
Was a Mongol invasion of the Myinsaing Kingdom, in Burma.
January 1301: In 1301, the Yuan Dynasty invaded Myinsaing after declaring Kumara Kassapa as the rightful king of Burma. The Mongol Emperor sent an army from Yunnan, which reached Myinsaing on 25 January 1301.
April 1301: Thihathu, Yazathingyan, and Athinkhaya were the rulers of Myinsaing Kingdom. The Mongol government at Yunnan had sent the besiegers to invade Myinsaing, but they were bribed by the brothers and eventually withdrew on 6 April 1301. After the failed invasion, the Mongol government executed their commanders and did not attempt any further invasions.
Was a revolt against Mongol rule in Amur.
January 1287: Rebellion of the Mongol prince Nayan in Manchuria.
The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1292 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia.
March 1293: The Mongolian troops gathered in Kali Mas.
April 1293: A number of Mongol ships were attacked and destroyed by the Javanese fleet commanded by rakryan mantri Aria Adikara. The Yuan forces had to withdraw in confusion, as the monsoon winds to carry them home would soon end, leaving them to wait in a hostile island for six months. After all of the troops had boarded the ships on the coast, they battled the Javanese fleet. After repelling it, they sailed back on 24 April to Quanzhou.
March 1293: The army led by Kublai Khan arrived at Daha on 19 March 1293. The battle was fought against the Kediri forces, led by Jayakatwang. Despite attacking three times, the Kediri forces were defeated and forced to flee by the Yuan Dynasty army.
Selected Sources
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 225
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 277
Strakosh-Grassmann, G. (1893): Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck (Austria), pp. 53-67
Mongol invasions and conquests
