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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Livonian Borthers of the Sword
Terra Mariana (Holy Roman state)
Terra Mariana
Livonian Confederation (Poland-Lithuania)
Establishment
January 1203: Formation of the Livonian Brother of Sword
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the invasion of northern Germany by king Canute VI of Denmark caused by disagreement with Adolf III, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, over the possession of the island of Rügen.
July 1227: Battle of Bornhöved: Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark. As a result, the Danish border with the Holy Roman Empire was moved north from the Elbe river to the Eider River, the southern border of the Duchy of Schleswig.
Were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later the Tsardom of Russia).
2.1.Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
2.1.1.Livonian Intervention alongside Lithuania
The Livonian Order joined the Second Muscovite Border War as an ally of Lithuania.
August 1501: In 1501, the Livonian Order, led by Wolter von Plettenberg, allied with Lithuania and emerged victorious in the Battle of the Siritsa River (57°35′09″N 27°52′54″E).
September 1501: The Livonian Knights evacuate the area of the Siritsa River.
October 1501: Siege of Pskov by the Livonian Knights.
October 1502: The Livonian Knights defeated thejoint armies of Pskov and Moscow in the Battle of Lake Smolino.
November 1502: The Livonian knights left the are of Lake Smolino.
2.1.2.Truce (Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
A six-year truce was concluded on the Feast of the Annunciation, ending the Second Muscovite Border War. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost approximately 210,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi), or a third of its territory.
March 1503: A six-year truce was concluded between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1503. As a result of this agreement, the Grand Duchy lost about a third of its territory to Moscow, including significant regions such as Chernihiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Starodub, and lands around the upper Oka River. The other territories Moscow had occupied, were evacuated.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
3.1.Wars of Vasily III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily III.
January 1511: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1511.
Was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.
September 1557: The Treaty or Peace of Pozvol, Pasvalys or Pozwol was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
5.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
5.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
June 1558: Ivan IV of Russia regarded the Livonian Confederation's approach to the Polish-Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli. Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. Russian troops took Dorpat in May.
August 1558: Russian forces start the siege of Reval (Tallinn).
August 1558: Narva conquered by russia.
5.1.2.Livonian Counterattack
Were the Livonian operation against the Russian invasion.
January 1559: In 1558, Livonian forces, led by the Livonian Confederation (Poland-Lithuania) and supported by 1,200 landsknechte and 100 gunners from Germany, successfully retook Wesenberg (now Rakvere) and several other fortresses from the invading Russian forces during the Livonian War.
September 1560: The Russian Tsar's forces took important fortresses like Fellin, yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of Riga, Reval or Pernau.
5.1.3.Partition of Livonia
Was the partition of Old Livonia between Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1559: In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Münchhausen signed a treaty on 26 September 1559 giving Frederick II of Denmark the right to nominate the bishop of Ösel-Wiek, an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 thalers.
June 1561: In 1561 a Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia.
November 1561: The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, was dissolved in 1561 by the second Treaty of Vilnius. Its lands were secularised and became the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which were then assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire before.
January 1206: Vetseke gave half of his land to Albert of Riga in 1205 in return for protection against the Duchy of Samogitia.
January 1207: By 1206, Metsepole had been taken over by the crusaders.
February 1207: The Livonian Borthers of the sword became a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1208: Läänema is conquered by the Livonian Knights.
January 1208: In 1207, Jogentagana was conquered by the Teutonic Order during the Estonian Crusade. It then became part of the Livonian Order, which was a branch of the Teutonic Order established in the Terra Mariana region of the Holy Roman state.
January 1208: Sakala fell under the Livonian Confederation.
January 1208: Järva is conquered by the Livonian Knights.
January 1208: Alempois is conquered by the Livonian Knights.
January 1209: By 1208 the important Daugava trading posts of Salaspils, Koknese and Sēlpils Castle had been taken over as a result of Albert's energetic campaigning.
January 1209: By 1208 the important Daugava trading posts of Salaspils, Koknese and Sēlpils Castle had been taken over by the Livonian Order.
January 1210: Livonian conquests during the wars against Livs and Latgalians (1198-1209).
January 1210: In 1209 Visvaldis, the prince of Jersika, was defeated by bishop Albert of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, and his Lithuanian wife taken prisoner. He was forced to submit his kingdom to Albert as a grant to the Bishopric of Riga, and received back only a portion of it as a fief. He lost the ands of Autīne and Cesvaine.
January 1210: By 1209 Koknese had been taken over by the Brothers of the Sword and the sovereignty of Polotsk was finally revoked in 1215.
January 1210: In 1209 Albert, leading the forces of the Order, captured the capital of the Latgalian Principality of Jersika, and took the wife of the ruler Visvaldis captive. Visvaldis was forced to submit his kingdom.
January 1215: Tālava, weakened in wars with Estonians and Russians, became a vassal state of the Archbishopric of Riga in 1214.
January 1216: It lost the status in 1215 when Pope Innocent III proclaimed it as directly subject to the Holy See.
January 1225: Mõhu conquered by the Teutonic Order during the Estonian Crusade.
January 1225: Nurmekund conquered by the Teutonic Order during the Estonian Crusade.
January 1228: With the wars against Estonians from 1208 to 1227, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquered Estonia with the exception of Saarema and Danish Estonia.
January 1228: In 1227 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquered all Danish territories in Northern Estonia.
January 1228: Vironian territories were taken by Brothers of the Sword.
January 1228: In 1227, Saaremaa was conquered by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
January 1231: In 1230 the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler (rex) Lammechinus, signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as Vredecuronia or Peace Courland. The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders.
January 1237: After the defeat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule in 1236 fighting again broke out on Saaremaa.
January 1238: The Battle of Saule took place in 1236 between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Samogitians. After suffering heavy losses, the surviving members of the Brothers of the Sword merged into the Teutonic Order of Prussia in 1237, and became known as Livonian Order.
January 1411: The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence.
Disestablishment
June 1561: In 1561 a Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia.
November 1561: With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire before.
November 1561: The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, was dissolved in 1561 by the second Treaty of Vilnius. Its lands were secularised and became the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which were then assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Selected Sources
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 25
Атлас 7 класс История России 16 - конец 17 века (Atlas, 7th grade, History of Russia, 16th - end of the 17th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 2
livonian confederation
