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The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Caucasian iberia
Caucasian Iberia (Roman Empire)
Caucasian Iberia (Sasanian Empire)
Principality of Iberia (Eastern Roman Client)
Kingdom of Iberia
Kingdom of the Iberians
Establishment
January 301 BC: Pharnavaz, victorious in a power struggle, became the first king of Iberia (c.302- c.237 BC).
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus during the course of the wars.
1.1.Third Mithridatic War
Was the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, ending the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulting in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.
January 65 BC: Border corrections due to military occupations and reorganization.
1.1.1.Caucasian campaign of Pompey
Was a succesful Roman military campaign led by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the Caucasus during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 64 BC: Fearing imminent invasion Artoces (probably the Artag of Georgian history) king of the Iberians turned to diplomacy and promised the Romans unconditional friendship. Pompey accepted the terms but because he was alerted by his intelligence service that the Iberians were secretly planning an attack, in the spring of 65 BC he marched his forces into Iberia.
Was a military campaign waged by Julius Caesar (at the same time of his war against Pompeius) that lead to the Roman submission of the Kingdom of Pontus.
January 47 BC: Pharnace of Pontus moved to the southeast along the Black Sea coast and without difficulty subjugated Colchis and all of Armenia.
August 47 BC: Caesar decisively defeated Pharnaces of Pontus at the Battle of Zela. Pharnaces was killed and Caesar conquered Pontus. In addition, the territories occupied by Pharnaces were freed.
Was a war between the ancient Kingdoms of Iberia and Armenia.
January 52: Iberia subdues Armenia.
January 54: However, faced with this upset of the regional balance and fearing that Armenia and Iberia would unite as a single powerful kingdom in the hands of Rhadamistus, Tiridates entered Armenia with Parthian support in 53 AD.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
4.1.Military Campaigns of Shapur I in Syria and Mesopotamia
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Shapur I against the Roman Empire.
January 261: Iberia became a tributary of the Sasanian state during the reign of Shapur I (241-272).
4.2.Sasanian Campaign of Galerius
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Galerius against the Sasanian Empire.
January 299: In the Peace of Nisibis while the Roman empire obtained control of Caucasian Iberia becomes again a vassal state.
4.3.Sasanian Campaign of Julian
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Julian against the Sasanian Empire.
4.3.1.Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363
Was a peace treaty between the Romans and Sasanians in 363 AD.
January 364: After the emperor Julian was slain during his failed campaign in Persia in 363, Rome ceded control of Iberia to Persia.
4.4.Iberian War
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia - a Sasanian client state that had defected to the Byzantines.
January 526: Iberia, a Sasanian client state, defected to the Byzantines.
January 528: By 527 the Iberian revolt had been crushed.
4.5.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
Was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony.
January 581: The Principality of Iberia was established shortly after the suppression of the Cosroid dynasty of the Kingdom of Iberia by Sasanian Persia, around 580.
4.6.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. The war was fought in Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Aegean Sea and before the walls of Constantinople itself. After an initial phase of Sasanian conquest, the Byzantines were able to regain most of their territories. The war ended after a civil war broke out in Persia. After the war both Empires were so weakened that the Middle East and North Africa were soon conquered by the emerging Islamic Caliphate.
4.6.1.Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
November 628: Joint Byzantine and Göktürk operations were then focused on besieging Tiflis. Khosrow sent 1,000 cavalry under Shahraplakan to reinforce the city, but it nevertheless fell, probably in late 628.
Was a series of conflicts between the Göktürks and the Sassanid Empire.
5.1.Third Perso-Turkic War
Was the third and final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate.
April 627: Siege of Tbilisi.
January 628: Tong Yabghu hastened to resume the siege of Tiflis and successfully stormed the city in winter.
January 630: In 629, the Turks raided Caucasian Iberia, a territory of the Sasanian Empire. The Turks anticipated a strong retaliation from the Sassanids, so they looted cities and retreated to the steppes.
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
6.1.Arab-Khazar Wars
Were a series of conflicts fought between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates and their respective vassals.
6.1.1.First Arab-Khazar War
Was a war between the Khazar Kahaganate and the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
February 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
The Principality of Iberia became a tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
January 738: The Principate of Iberia became tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
January 236 BC: Iberian kin Saurmag, Colchis regained its independence.
January 199 BC: The kingdom of Albania emerged in the eastern Caucasus in 2nd or 1st century BC.
January 189 BC: The defeat of the Seleucid King Antiochos III by the Romans at Magnesia Sipylus in 190 BC redraws the political map of the Middle East. Under the terms of the Peace of Apamea (188 BC), Antiochus III could no longer intervene north of the Taurus, creating a political vacuum which was immediately filled by new independent kingdoms. From 190 BC. BC, the satrap of Armenia Artaxias, with whom the Carthaginian Hannibal took refuge, founded on his advice the city of Artaxates (south of present-day Yerevan) on the banks of the Araxes, and makes it the capital of a kingdom of Armenia of which he proclaims himself king, with the blessing of the Romans.
January 117: The next two centuries saw a continuation of Roman influence over the area, but by the reign of King Pharsman II Iberia had regained some of its former power.
January 509: In 580, Hormizd IV abolished the monarchy after the death of King Bakur III, and Iberia became a Persian province ruled by a marzpan (governor).
January 737: Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands, the Emirate of Tbilisi was an important outpost of Muslim rule in the Caucasus. It was founded by Arab commander Marwan ibn Muhammad in 736 in the region of present-day Georgia.
January 779: The Abkhazian Kingdom Declared independence from the Byzantine Empire.
January 889: The Kingdom of the Iberians was a medieval Georgian monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty which emerged circa 888 AD, succeeding the Principality of Iberia.
January 901: The Kingdom of Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Iranian Alans (proto-Ossetians) that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia-Alania, from its independence from the Khazars in the late 9th century.
January 909: In about 908 Abkhazian king Constantine III (c.894 . 923) annexed a significant portion of Kartli.
January 952: Muhammad ibn Shaddad conquers Dwin.
Disestablishment
January 1009: Unification of the Georgian principalities included in a single feudal state in 1008.
Selected Sources
Cassius Dio: Roman History, XXXVII, 1.3-4, s.4-7
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Pompey, 34
caucasian iberia
