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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
Principality of Montenegro
Kingdom of Montenegro
Montenegro (Italy)
Montenegro (Germany Protectorate)
Montenegro
Establishment
January 1517: Montenegro was independent from 1516, when Vladika Vavila was elected as ruler of Montenegro by its clans, and it became a theocratic state.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
1.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
1.1.1.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
1.2.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1814: Cattaro, a strategic port city in modern-day Montenegro, was captured by Austrian forces in collaboration with Montenegrin ground troops in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. This victory was part of the Sixth Coalition's efforts to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Montenegro caused by the Montenegrin secret aid to Herzegovinian rebels.
December 1852: An Ottoman column, led by Omar Pascià and the vizir of Scutari Osman Pascià, formed by 17,400 men, attacked the Principality of Montenegro from the east along the Spuž, Martinići, Ostrog line.
December 1852: A second Ottoman column of 7,000 men, coming from Bar, attacked the Montenegrins from the south.
March 1853: In 1853, European powers Russia and Austria intervened to negotiate a ceasefire in the conflict, leading to a retreat from all occupied regions. The territory in question was then ceded to the Principality of Montenegro.
Was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1877: Montenegro conquered Nikšić (24 September 1877).
January 1878: Grmožur, a fortress located in Montenegro, was occupied by Montenegrin forces on 26 January 1878. This event took place during the time of the Congress of Berlin, where European powers were negotiating the borders and territories of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
January 1878: Vranjina and Lesendro are occupied by Montenegrin forces.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
4.1.Serbian Theatre (Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878)
Was the Serbian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
January 1878: The Montenegrins conquered Antivari on January 10.
January 1878: Dulcigno conquered by montenegro.
4.2.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The advancement of Russian forces toward the Ottomans forced them to sign a peace treaty on 3 March 1878, recognising the independence of Montenegro. They also increased Montenegro's territory from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km². Montenegro gained the towns of Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, as well as access to the sea.
4.3.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: Territorial change based on available maps.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
5.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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5.1.1.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: The Montenegrin Eastern Division took Akova.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Berane.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Palav.
October 1912: Taşlıca is taken by Montenegrin forces on October 28.
October 1912: the Montenegrin troops arrived at Scutari on 18 October, but two frontal assaults launched on 24 and 28 October were repulsed by the Ottoman garrison.
November 1912: Montenegrin detachments captured İpek.
April 1913: The Montenegrins took possession of the city of Scutari (Shkodër).
May 1913: As European powers opposed Montenegrin control of Scutari (Shkodër), Prince Nikola of Montenegro relinquished the city to an international contingent on May 8.
5.1.2.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
5.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
5.2.1.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the top of Patarika and followed the watershed between the Vardar and Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian border, except for the Strumica valley which remained in Bulgaria.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
6.1.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
6.1.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
6.1.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
May 1915: On 29 May 1915, a contingent of 20,000 Serbian soldiers under General Dragutin Milutinović invaded northern Albania from three directions, dispersing the pro-Habsburg militias of Bajram Curri and Isa Boletini.
June 1915: King Nicholas I of Montenegro, an ally of the Serbs, ordered the occupation of Albanian territory north of the Drin River on 11 June.
June 1915: The Montenegrins entered Scutari.
January 1916: In late January 1916 Austro-Hungarian forces invaded northern Albania in pursuit of the remnants of the Serbian army.
6.1.2.Montenegro during World War I
Montenegrin theatre of World War I.
6.1.2.1.Invasion of Montenegro
Invasion fo Montenegro by the Central Powers during World War I.
January 1916: The Austro-Hungarian 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro from the North-East.
January 1916: Austro-Hungarian forces advanced towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovac.
January 1916: The Austrian 10th and 18th Mountain brigades advanced from Novi Pazar and on 10 January took the city of Berane.
January 1916: By 11 January 1916, Mount Lovćen was in Austrian hands.
January 1916: The vanguard of the Austrian army reached the Montenegrin capital Cetinje.
January 1916: The Austro-Hungarian 205th and 9th Mountain brigades advanced westwards from Priština and took Peć and Velika.
January 1916: The government of Montenegro issued a proclamation to the Montenegrin armed forces to surrender all weapons and signed an armistice with Austria-Hungary.
6.1.3.Liberation of the Balkan States
Was the liberation of the Balkan states from the Central Powers during World War I.
October 1918: Colonel Dragutin Milutinović led a Serbian force, the "Scutari Troops" (later "Adriatic Troops"), northwest through Albania aiming to liberate Montenegro. This force arrived in Podgorica on 31 October.
November 1918: After a last skirmish, the Austro-Hungarian occupation force evacuated Montenegro.
6.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
6.2.1.Aftermath of World War I in Yugoslavia
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.
November 1918: The Kingdom of Serbia absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
7.1.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
7.1.1.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
7.1.1.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
7.1.2.German Invasion of Montenegro
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Montenegro.
September 1943: Montenegro was occupied by German forces in September 1943, after the Armistice of Cassibile in which the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and joined the Allies.
December 1944: Montenegro remained under German occupation until Axis forces evacuated in December 1944.
7.1.3.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
November 1943: The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ).
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
January 1624: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1624: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1688: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1688: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1713: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1713: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
March 1852: Montenegro became a secular state (principality) under Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš.
May 1858: Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence. Montenegro gained Grahovo, Rudine, Nikšić, more than half of Drobnjaci, Tušina, Uskoci, Lipovo, Upper Vasojevići, and part of Kuči and Dodoši tribal regions.
August 1910: Prince Nicholas of Montenegro proclaimed the Kingdom of Montenegro in Cetinje.
June 2006: Indepedence of Montenegro.
Selected Sources
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Notiziario Storico dell'arma die carabienieri - N.3 Anno VI. p. 23
Tomasevich, J. (1975): War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, Stanford University Press, pp. 89-92
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