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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Principality of Arbanon
Sicilian Dependencies in Albania
Kingdom of Albania (Anjou of Naples)
Principality of Albania (Medieval)
League of Lezhë
Independent Albania
Principality of Albania
Albania (Austra-Hungary and Bulgaria Protectorate)
Italian Protectorate over Albania
Republic of Albania
Republic of Albania (Italy)
Kingdom of Albania
Italian Protectorate of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (Germany)
National Liberation Movement
Democratic Government of Albania
People's Republic of Albania
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Establishment
January 1205: In 1204, Arbanon, led by Prince Progon, attained political independence from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade. The territory went to the Principality of Arbanon, marking a temporary period of autonomy.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
1.1.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.
December 1274: The local governor of Durrës reported to King Charles I of Sicily that the Albanian forces, led by Golem of Kruja, and the Byzantine forces had besieged the city in 1274. This event marked a significant conflict between the two powers in the region.
January 1275: Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen captured the important cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1275: In 1274, Byzantine forces led by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, with the support of local Albanian noblemen, successfully captured the strategic cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1276: The Byzantine offensive continued and captured the port-city of Spinarizza.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
April 1281: The Byzantine army which also included Turkish mercenaries arrived near Berat in March 1281.
Dissolution of Serbia after the Battle of Maritsa between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia.
September 1371: The area of Zeta was established as a political entity under the rule of Balšić, who after the death of Serbian King Vukašin and the death of Thessalian Emperor Uroš became completely independent.
September 1371: After the Battle of Maritsa, Serbia fragmented into several successor states.
Expansion during the rule of Francesco Foscari in the Republic of Venice.
January 1445: The maximum extent of Venetian Albania was reached in 1444.
Was a war between the Albanian League of Lezhë and the Republic of Venice.
January 1448: In December 1447 after leaving a protective force of three to four thousand men under Vrana Konti to guard the frontier in the event of an Ottoman incursion, Skanderbeg turned towards Dagnum with a force of 14,000 men. Initially offering the garrison at Dagnum the opportunity to surrender, he promptly besieged the fortress upon rejection.
July 1448: Skanderbeg crossed the Drin River with 10,000 troops to defend the territory from Ottoman invasion.
September 1448: Skanderbeg retreated from the Drin River area to fight off an Ottoman invasion.
September 1448: Skanderbeg retreated from the Drin River area.
September 1448: Balsha falls to the Venetians.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1469: After the death of Skanderbeg, the renowned Albanian military leader, in 1468, the Ottoman Empire was able to easily conquer and subdue the entire territory of Albania, with the exception of the region of Kruje and Venetian Albania.
6.1.Ballaban's campaign of 1465
Was a an Ottoman military campaign by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid against the Albanian League of Lezhë.
September 1465: Battle of Vaikal: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
September 1465: Battle of Kashari: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
October 1465: After being defeated by Skanderbeg in Vaikal and Kashari, the Turkish army left Albania.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
7.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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7.1.1.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: As European powers opposed Montenegrin control of Scutari (Shkodër), Prince Nikola of Montenegro relinquished the city to an international contingent on May 8.
7.1.2.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
7.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
October 1913: Establishment of the Republic of Central Albania, a short-lived unrecognised state with its administrative centre in Durrës.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
8.1.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
8.1.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
January 1917: Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917 in Shkodër.
8.1.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
February 1914: On 28 February 1914 the Greek inhabited regions of Northern Epirus proclaimed independence as the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus under the leadership of Georgios Christakis-Zografos with the open support of the government in Athens.
July 1914: A vast peasant revolt of Muslim inspiration, led by Haxhi Qamili starting from the central regions and in favor of a restoration of Ottoman rule over Albania. Capture of Berat by the rebels on July 12, 1914.
August 1914: Valona conquered by Muslim Rebel Groups.
September 1914: Prince William, while not formally renouncing his role as monarch, left Albania to take refuge in Venice.
November 1914: Essad reentered Albania in October 1914, and his forces quickly secured control of Durres and the central regions, but failed to restore order in the rest of the country.
May 1915: On 29 May 1915, a contingent of 20,000 Serbian soldiers under General Dragutin Milutinović invaded northern Albania from three directions, dispersing the pro-Habsburg militias of Bajram Curri and Isa Boletini.
June 1915: The Serbs extended their occupation to the central regions of Albania, taking Elbasan and Tirana and liberating Essad's forces in Durazzo from the siege of the Muslim rebels.
April 1917: Between March and May 1917 a series of operations by the French army involved the area between Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa, on the border between Albania and Macedonia.
June 1917: The ground recently gained by the French was largely lost in counter-attacks by the Bulgarian-German forces.
June 1917: On 3 June 1917, General Ferrero proclaimed the establishment of an Italian protectorate of Albania in Gjirokastra.
June 1917: An Italian column crossed the Albanian-Greek border and occupied the important city of Ioannina without any opposition from Greek troops.
September 1917: French troops captured Pogradec from the Bulgarian army.
8.1.2.Liberation of the Balkan States
Was the liberation of the Balkan states from the Central Powers during World War I.
October 1918: The Italian 16th Army corps (CSIO) and the French 57th division advanced northward, liberating Berat on 1 October.
October 1918: From the east the French 11th Colonial Division, 30th Division, Italian 35th Division and Greek 3rd and 4th Divisions entered Albania, liberating Elbasan on 8 October.
October 1918: Durrës conquered by Principality of Albania.
October 1918: Shkodër conquered by Principality of Albania.
November 1918: Austro-Hungarian forces in Albania surrendered.
8.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
August 1920: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded northern Epirus to Greece.
August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
Was a brief military campaign which was launched by the Kingdom of Italy against the Albanian Kingdom in 1939. The conflict was a result of the imperialistic policies of the Italian prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini.
April 1939: On April 7, 1939, Mussolini's troops, led by General Alfredo Guzzoni, invaded Albania, simultaneously attacking all Albanian ports.
April 1939: Scutari surrendered to the Italians in the evening after 12 hours of fighting.
April 1939: At 9:30 on April 8, 1939, Italian troops entered Tirana quickly conquering all the government buildings.
April 1939: On 12 April 1939, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and unite the nation with Italy in personal union, offering the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
10.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
10.1.1.Battle of Romania
The Soviet Operations to drive out the Axis powers from Romania during World War II.
September 1944: By 24 September 1944, nearly all of Romania was under Allied control.
10.2.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
10.2.1.Greco-Italian War
Was a conflict between Greece and Italy during World War II that started with the Italian invasion of Greece.
April 1941: Italo-Greek front as of April, 4th 1941 (based on maps).
10.2.1.1.Greek counter-offensive (Greco-Italian War)
Were the Greek operations during the Greco-Italian War.
November 1940: The Greeks captured Ersekë on 21 November.
November 1940: The Greeks captured the summit of Morava.
November 1940: Greek conquest of Leskovik.
November 1940: The city of Korçë was captured by Greek 9th Division.
November 1940: The Greek 10th Division captured Moscopole.
November 1940: The Western Macedonia Section of the Greek Army captured the entire Korçë plateau.
November 1940: Pogradec was captured unopposed by the Greek 13th Division.
December 1940: The Greeks arrived around the Kakavia Pass, forcing the Italians to withdraw.
December 1940: The Greek army captured Delvinë on 5 December.
December 1940: The Greek Lioumbas Detachment captured Sarandë, at the time baned Porto Edda after Edda Mussolini.
December 1940: Greek conquest of Gjirokastër.
December 1940: The Greek army captured the Ostravicë Mountain on 12 December.
December 1940: The Greek army captured Himarë on 22 December.
January 1941: The Greek 11th Division captured the Klisura Pass.
February 1941: In the Battle of Trebeshina, a series of engagements from 2-12 February, the Trebeshinë massif was captured by Greek forces.
10.2.2.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
10.2.2.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
10.2.2.2.Yugoslav Albanian offensive
Was the offensive of the Italian forces in Albania during the Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Between 11-13 April 1941, with German and Italian troops advancing on its rear areas, the Zetska Division was forced to retreat back to the Pronisat River by the Italian 131st Centauro Armoured Division.
10.2.3.German invasion of Greece
Was the invasion of Greece Germany during World War II. The Invasion followed the unsuccesful invasion of Greece by Italian forces.
April 1941: Korça that fell unopposed to the Italian 9th Army.
April 1941: On 23 April the Greek commander signed a surrender agreement whit the Italians. The Italians thus re-acquired the Greek-occupied regions of Albania.
10.2.4.Liberation of Albania
Was the liberation of Albania by the Albanian resistance during World War II.
July 1943: By the summer of 1943, when the Italian effort collapsed, almost all of the mountainous interior of Albania was controlled by resistance units.
December 1943: The Germans launched a series of offensives against the Partisans, who were primarily concentrated in Southern Albania and to a lesser extent in Central Albania. The first offensive, operation "505", started in early November 1943 to clear Partisan units from the Pezë region and remove the threat to the Durrës-Tirana road.
April 1944: By 1944 all prefectures of the National Liberation Movement, except Gjirokstra in the south, were in the hands of the Albanian Kingdom.
July 1944: Albanian partisans defeated the last Balli Kombëtar forces in southern Albania by mid-summer 1944.
August 1944: The National Liberation Movement entered central and northern Albania by the end of July.
October 1944: The Democratic Government of Albania was established on 20 October 1944 by the National Liberation Movement, as the Albanian partisan resistance of 1940-1944 came to a close.
November 1944: German resistance in Tirana ends.
November 1944: Following the successful advances of the Red Army in the Balkans and the offensives by the Albanian communist partisans of Enver Hoxha's Lëvizja Nacional-Çlirimtare, the Germans evacuated Albania by October 1944. The collaborationist government fell and was quickly replaced by the Democratic Government of Albania.
November 1944: The territories added to Albania by the Axis in in 1941 were reversed to Yugoslavia.
January 1946: The People's Republic of Albania was proclaimed.
10.2.5.German Invasion of Albania
After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions.
September 1943: After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions. The Germans formed a 'neutral government' in Tirana.
10.2.6.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
November 1943: The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ).
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
10.2.7.German Withdrawal from Greece (World War II)
The evacuation of Greece by German troops during World War II.
June 1945: Isolated Axis garrisons remained in Crete, the Dodecanese and various other Aegean islands until the end of the war in May 1945.
January 1217: Arbanon lost its autonomy ca. 1216, when the ruler of Epirus, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, started an invasion northward into Albania and Macedonia, taking Kruja and ending the independence of the principality.
January 1272: Dyrrhachium conquered by naples-sicily.
February 1272: On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens".
January 1273: Central Albania was lost to Epirus.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
April 1279: In March 1279 Nikephoros I declared himself a vassal of Charles of Anjou and surrendered to him the castles of Sopot and Butrint.
January 1281: In December 1280, Angevin forces led by Charles I of Anjou captured the surroundings of Berat and besieged its castle. This marked a significant event in the conflict between the Kingdom of Albania and the Angevin Kingdom of Naples.
January 1289: Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288.
January 1293: Corfu and Butrint remained in Angevin hands at least up to 1292, then the Byzantines took control.
January 1295: Kaninë castle was the last to fall to the Byzantines probably in 1294.
January 1305: In the summer of 1304, Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by its citizens and local nobles, who in September submitted themselves to Angevin rule.
January 1368: In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city of Durrës.
January 1368: Mataranga was incorporated into the Principality of Albania.
January 1369: Karl Thopia conquers large parts of central Albania.
January 1372: The region between Pogradec, Ohrid, and Debar became semi-independent as the Principality of Gropaj.
January 1377: In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city of Durazzo.
January 1384: In 1383, Thopia took once again control of Durazzo.
January 1386: In 1385 the city of Durrës was captured by Balša II.
January 1390: The Principality of Kastrioti was founded in 1389 by the Albanian nobleman Gjon Kastrioti I.
January 1416: Niketa continued to be the ruler of Krujë until 1415 when the Principality of Albania fell under the Ottoman Empire.
March 1444: The League of Lezhë, a military and diplomatic alliance of Albanian feudal lords, was established in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444.
March 1444: The Principality of Kastrioti is absorbed by the League of Lezhe.
November 1912: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south, leaving only a patch of land around the southern coastal city of Vlora. Attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
February 1914: The Great Powers recognized the independence of Albania in the Treaty of London in May 1913 and the Principality was established on February 21, 1914.
March 1914: Prince Wilhelm of Wied took control of Principality of Albania after his arrival at port Durrës.
June 1920: The French army, led by General Franchet d'Esperey, moved from Korçë in 1920, marking the end of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë, as the territory was handed over to the Principality of Albania.
July 1920: The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived unrecognized republic declared in northern Albania by Marka Gjoni and his followers. It existed between 17 July and 20 November 1921.
December 1920: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson intervened to block the Paris agreement. The United States underscored its support for Albania's independence by recognizing an official Albanian representative to Washington, and on December 17, 1920, the League of Nations recognized Albania's sovereignty by admitting it as a full member.
July 1921: The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived unrecognized republic declared in northern Albania by Marka Gjoni and his followers.
November 1921: In November 1921 Gjon Marka Gjoni fled to Prizren again. The Mirdites declared themselves loyal to the Albanian government after negotiations led by Ahmet Zogu.
December 1921: Political developments such as the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-22) and, crucially, Italian, Austrian and German lobbying in favor of Albania resulted in the area of northern Epirus being ceded to Albania in November 1921.
January 1925: The Constitution of Albania established a parliamentary republic with a powerful president who served as head of state and government.
November 1926: Albania became a de facto protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy after the signing of the Treaties of Tirana of 1926 and 1927.
September 1928: Albania was declared a monarchy by the Constituent Assembly, and President Ahmet Bej Zogu was declared King Zog I. The kingdom was supported by the fascist regime in Italy, and the two countries maintained close relations.
November 1945: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II.
December 1976: Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
April 1991: The Republic of Albania was proclaimed on 29 April 1991.
Selected Sources
Blau, G.E.(1953): PART THREE THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN GREECE (Operation MARITA). U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved on 5 April 2024 on https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_3.htm
Favre, F. (2008): La Marina nella Grande Guerra, Udine, Gaspari, p. 196
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.p.23
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.p.24
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.p. 26
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.p. 27
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.p. 28
Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις". Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου. Periskopio.pp.24-25
Koliopoulos, Ioannis (1978). "Ο Πόλεμος του 1940/1941". In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΕ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1913 έως το 1941 [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XV: Modern Hellenism from 1913 to 1941] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 420–421.
Notiziario Storico dell'arma die carabienieri - N.3 Anno VI. p. 23
Tomasevich, J. (1975): War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, Stanford University Press, pp. 89-92
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 329
albania
