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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Republic of Finland
Finland (German Protectorate)
Establishment
December 1917: With the fall of Nicholas II, many parts of the Russian Empire took the opportunity to declare their independence, one of which was Finland, which did so in December 1917.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
1.1.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
1.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
December 1918: With the defeat of Germany in WWI Finland become indipendent. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic.
1.2.1.Finnish Civil War
Was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.
January 1918: The Whites captured Haapamäki at the end of January 1918.
January 1918: The Finnish Red Guards seized the early initiative in the war by taking control of Helsinki.
March 1918: Houtskär was taken by the Finnish Whites.
March 1918: Korpo conquered by germany.
April 1918: The German army intervened in the war on the side of the White Army making de facto Finland a German protectorate.
April 1918: The 10,000-strong Baltic Sea Division (German: Ostsee-Division), led by General Rüdiger von der Goltz, launched the main attack at Hanko.
April 1918: Battle of Tampere.
April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.
April 1918: Helsinki conquered by germany.
April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
May 1918: Battle of Ahvenkoski.
May 1918: The war of 1918 ended when the Whites took over Fort Ino.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
October 1918: The Germans stayed in the Åland Islands until September 1918.
2.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
2.1.1.Soviet-Finnish conflict 1921-22
Was a conflict between Finland and the Russian SFSR during the Russian Civil War.
December 1921: In November and December 1921, the Finnish troops reoccupied part of the regions of Karelia, which began the Soviet-Finnish conflict.
February 1922: In early February 1922 the Center Committee Karelian village of Uhtua was re-occupied by the Red Army.
2.2.Heimosodat
Were a series of expeditions into Russian territories inhabitated by Finnish peoples during the Russian Civil War. The aim of the expeditions was either the independence of these territories or their annexion to Finland.
2.2.1.Petsamo expeditions
Were two military expeditions in May 1918 and in April 1920 by Finnish civilian volunteers, to annex Petsamo (Russian: Pechenga) from Bolshevist Russia.
June 1918: Finnish civilian volunteers tried unsuccesfully to annect Petsamo.
2.2.2.Aunus expedition
Was an attempt by Finnish volunteers to occupy parts of East Karelia in 1919, during the Russian Civil War.
June 1919: The parish of Porajärvi declared on June 6 that it wished to join Finland, as the parish of Repola had already done in 1918. The regular Finnish Army moved in to occupy the parish.
2.3.Treaty of Tartu (1920)
Was a treaty between the Russian SFSR and Finland that defined the border between the two countries.
December 1920: The Finnish - Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920: Petsamo became finnish.
December 1920: Treaty of Tartu: Repola and Porajärvi were handed back to Soviet Russia.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
3.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
3.1.1.Winter War
The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940.
November 1939: Soviet forces invaded Finland.
November 1939: Start of the Battle of Petsamo.
November 1939: Finnish forces marched up to Salla.
December 1939: The Soviet 163rd Rifle Division captured Suomussalmi.
December 1939: Soviets reach Mannerheim line of Finnish resistance on the Karelian Isthmus.
December 1939: The Red Army approached Kemijärvi.
December 1939: The northern branch of the Finnish moved toward Pelkosenniemi .
January 1940: Retreat of the Reds after the battle of Suomussalmi.
March 1940: The Finnish Democratic Republic was dissolved upon signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty ending the Winter War and merged into the government of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
March 1940: Battle of Petsamo.
March 1940: In the battle of Salla, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla.
March 1940: Moscow peace treaty: It was signed by the Soviet Union and Finland on March 12, 1940 and ratified on March 21, 1940. It established the new border between the USSR and Finland.
3.1.1.1.Battles in Ladoga Karelia
Was the war front on the Ladoga Lake during the Winter War.
December 1939: Soviet advancement in Finland by december, 12th.
December 1939: In Northern Karelia, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred at Ilomantsi and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white layered clothing and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.
3.1.1.2.Soviet offensive (Winter War)
Were Soviet offensives against Finland in early 1940 during the Winter War.
February 1940: Soviet offensive in Finland.
March 1940: Soviet offensive in Finland.
3.1.2.Operation Barbarossa
Was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies.
3.1.2.1.Siege of Leningrad
Was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
September 1941: Finns captured the Beloostrov and Kirjasalo salients and conducted defensive preparations.
3.1.3.Continuation War
The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944, as part of World War II.
December 1941: The Soviet Union withdrew its troops from the leased area in the Hankko peninsula.
3.1.3.1.Operation Silver Fox
Was a joint German-Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union. The objective of the offensive was to cut off and capture the key Soviet Port of Murmansk.
July 1941: The initial Finnish advance against its adversary, the 54th Rifle Division, was very successful. III Corps moved swiftly through the Arctic forest and defeated several Soviet regiments. It advanced 64 km to the canal between Lake Pyaozero and Lake Topozero in just 20 days.
3.1.3.2.Finnish invasion of Ladoga Karelia
Was the Finnish invasion of the region of Carelia in the area of lake Ladoga during the Continuation War.
July 1941: Loimola was captured by the Finnish forces.
July 1941: Soviet resistance on the eastern shore of the Jänisjärvi Lake, and clearing the resistance lasted until July 16.
July 1941: Finnish troops reached the shore of Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja.
July 1941: It took until July 17 for the Finnish VII Corps to finally reach the Jänisjoki River.
July 1941: Finnish forces encircled the defenders and captured Salmi.
July 1941: The Finnish VI Corps reached the 1939 border on July 23.
August 1941: By August 7 Finnish 2nd Division of the II Corps had already reached the shore of lake Ladoga at Lahdenpohja.
3.1.3.3.Finnish invasion of the Karelian Isthmus
Was a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941 where Finnish forces liberated the Karelian Isthmus.
August 1941: The Finnish 15th Division's managed to capture the town of Hiitola.
August 1941: The Finnish 18th Division captured the town and crossing point of Antrea.
August 1941: The Finnish 18th Division started its crossing of Vuoksi river.
August 1941: Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops.
August 1941: Finnish forces reached the old border with Russia.
3.1.3.4.Finnish invasion of East Karelia
Finnish troops occupied East Karelia during the Continuation War.
September 1941: The Finnish forces captured Olonets on September 5.
September 1941: Finnish advance by Group L reached Svir river.
September 1941: The Finnish 11th Division captured Pryazha.
October 1941: The Finnish forces captured Petrozavodsk.
December 1941: The Finnish spearhead captured the town of Poventsa.
3.1.3.5.Vyborg-Petrozavodsk Offensive
Was a strategic operation by the Soviet on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II.
June 1944: Soviet units captured frontline trenches and destroyed fortifications, shattering the first Finnish defense line in the Valkeasaari sector.
June 1944: The Soviet 21st Army's offensive reached the partially completed VT-line.
June 1944: Viipuri/Vyborg falls to Soviet forces of Leningrad Front, insuring safety of Leningrad and opening Gulf of Finland to Soviet fleet.
June 1944: The Soviet Union's Karelian Front attacked in the Olonets sector of White Karelia on June 20. Weakened Finnish forces proved unable to stop the offensive which reached Olonets.
June 1944: Petrozavodsk conquered by USSR.
July 1944: The first Karelian Front 7th Army's units reached the U-line.
3.1.3.6.Moscow Armistice
Was an armistice signed by Finland on one side and by the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War.
September 1944: Armistice signed between Finland on one side, and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War. Karelia, Salla, Petsamo, and Porkkala fell to the Soviets.
Was a series of withdrawals from territories occupied by the Allies during World War II in the aftermath of the war.
January 1956: Although the Soviet lease for Porkkala had been conceded for 50 years, an agreement was reached to return it earlier. The agreement was signed on September 19, 1955, exactly 11 years after the armistice, and control of the area was handed back to Finland on January 26, 1956.
October 1920: In the treaty of Tartu in 1920 Finland and Soviet Union agreed on their common border.
Selected Sources
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016). Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 115-116.
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016). Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 119-120.
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016). Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 127-128.
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016). Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 131-132.
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 214
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