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The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
United Belgian States
Kingdom of Belgium
Establishment
January 1790: A confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg) which was established after the Brabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor.
December 1790: The United Belgian States, an unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor, existed until December 1790.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was an armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) between October 1789 and December 1790. The revolution, which occurred at the same time as revolutions in France and Liège, led to the brief overthrow of Habsburg rule and the proclamation of a short-lived polity, the United Belgian States.
Was the independence war of Belgium against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
2.1.Belgian Revolt
Was a revolt in modern-day Belgium against the the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that started the Belgian Revolution.
August 1830: On August 25, 1830, after a performance of the romantic-nationalist opera La muette de Portici (The Mute of Portici) by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber at the Brussels Opera, the call of vive la liberté erupted in the audience.
October 1830: With the exception of the municipality of Mook en Middelaar in North Limburg and the cities of Maastricht and Luxembourg (which was a federal fortress of the German Confederation and where Prussian troops were therefore stationed), the whole of Belgium was in the hands of the Freikorps by the end of October.
2.2.Ten Days Campaign
Was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831.
August 1831: Zondereigen was taken by the Dutch.
August 1831: Near Ravels, the Belgian army was rapidly driven into the surrounding forests.
August 1831: The Dutch force was led by Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, while the Belgians were under the command of General Daine. The military occupation of Turnhout was part of the Belgian Revolution, which ultimately led to the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
August 1831: On 4 August, the Dutch took the city of Antwerp.
August 1831: The Dutch defeated the Belgian Army of the Meuse near Hasselt.
August 1831: The advance guard of the Belgian Army of the Scheldt, led by General Gérard Leman, was defeated near Boutersem in 1831 during the Belgian Revolution. This led to the territory falling under military occupation by the Netherlands.
August 1831: The next day the Dutch army attacked and defeated the Belgians near Leuven.
August 1831: The French army under Marshal Étienne Gérard crossed the border with Belgium.
August 1831: Fearing a war with France, the Dutch halted their advance in Belgium, and a ceasefire was signed on 12 August. The last Dutch troops returned to the Netherlands around 20 August, while only Antwerp remained occupied. The French troops that had been moved into Belgium to counter the Dutch invasion also left the country.
2.3.Siege of Antwerp
Was a siege conducted by French forces against a Dutch garrison during the Belgian Revolution.
December 1832: The King of the Netherlands, refusing to abandon the citadel at Antwerp, ordered the Dutch General David Hendrik Chassé to hold it at all costs. From the citadel, Chassé bombarded the city of Antwerp, setting fire to hundreds of homes and causing many casualties among the civilian population. The result was a second intervention by the Northern Army of Marshal Gérard, who returned to Belgium on 15 November 1832, to besiege the citadel of Antwerp.
Was a war fought in Central Africa between the forces of Belgian King Leopold II's Congo Free State and various Zanzibari Arab slave traders.
February 1887: Belgish autorities made Tippu Tip governor of eastern Congo (" The borders of his territories were the Aruwimi and the Lualaba River.") to eliminate his secessionist aims. However he considered himself a vassal, de facto secceeding from Congo.
January 1888: Other major slave traders like Rumaliza, the strongman of Lake Tanganyika, considered his deal with the Congo Free State to be treason. Rumaliza abolished the Congo Free State flag and swore loyalty to the red flag of the sultan of Zanzibar.
January 1892: On the 3rd of January 1892, Captain Alphonse Jacques' anti-slavery expedition founded the fortress of Albertville on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, and tried to put an end to the slave trade in the region.
March 1893: The Congo Free State forces under Francis Dhanis took control of a key river city by the name of Nyangwe.
April 1893: Dhanis advanced up the river to Kasongo.
June 1893: Commandant Pierre Ponthier arrived at the Stanley Falls from Europe. He immediately collected all the troops he could, took Captain Hubert Lothaire and some men from Bangala with him and followed the Arab units, who had fled from the Stanley Falls up the river.
October 1893: The war's last major battle occurred on 20 October 1893, on the Luama River, west of Lake Tanganyika. It was a tactical stalemate, but Sefu was killed.
February 1894: A column of Belgian Congo forces under Lothaire pursued Rumaliza to the north of Lake Tanganyika, destroying his fortified positions along the route, although Rumaliza himself managed to escape. At the lake they joined with the anti-slavery expedition led by Captain Alphonse Jacques Rumaliza took refuge in the German colony of German East Africa. The war ended in a victory for the Free State by January 1894.
The 'scramble for Katanga' was won by Leopold's Stairs Expedition, which ended the Yeke Kingdom by killing Msiri, and took over the territory for the Congo Free State.
December 1891: The 'scramble for Katanga' was won by Leopold's Stairs Expedition, which ended the Yeke Kingdom by killing Msiri, and took over the territory for the CFS, but with its own administration until it was more closely incorporated into the Belgian Congo.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
5.1.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
December 1902: The Belgian Concession in Tianjin was established in 1902 after Belgian envoy Maurice Joostens claimed the parcel in the negotiations following the defeat of the Boxer rebels.
January 1931: An agreement to return the concession of Belgian Concession in Tianjin to China was signed in August 1929 and approved by the Belgian parliament in 1931.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
6.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
January 1917: During World War I, Belgian troops from the neighbouring Belgian Congo invaded actual Rwanda and Burundi and occupied it.
6.1.1.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
6.1.1.1.Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)
Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
May 1916: Belgian conquest of Kigali.
August 1916: Belgian conquest of Ujiji.
September 1916: Belgian conquest of Tabora.
September 1917: To prevent Belgian claims on German territory in a post-war settlement, South African military leader Jan Smuts ordered their forces to return to the Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi.
6.2.World War I western Front
Was the theatre of war in western Europe during World War I.
June 1917: Battle of Messines (1917).
July 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
September 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
November 1917: Battle of Passchendaele: The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November.
December 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
6.2.1.German Offensive in Flanders (World War I)
Was the German offensive in the Flanders at the beginning of World War I.
August 1914: Armies under German generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914 and occupied Liege.
August 1914: The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège, which lasted from 5-16 August.
August 1914: The Belgian capital, Brussels, fall to the Germans.
August 1914: Battle of Charleroi.
August 1914: Battle of Mons.
August 1914: German siege at Namur that lasted from about 20-23 August.
August 1914: Siege of Maubeuge.
September 1914: The German Army came within 70 km of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6-12 September).
October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ypres and Baielleul.
October 1914: Germans take Antwerp.
May 1915: Second Battle of Ypres: by the end of the battle the Ypres salient was compressed, with Ypres closer to the line.
6.2.2.German spring offensive
Was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources.
April 1918: The Lys Offensive was a major German attack on the Western Front during World War I in April 1918. The Germans managed to penetrate Allied lines to a depth of 9.3 mi (15 km).
6.2.3.Hundred Days Offensive
Was a series of massive Allied offensives that led to the collapse of the Western Front and of the German Empire.
August 1918: Allied advancement up to 30 August.
September 1918: Allied advancement up to 25 September.
October 1918: Courtrai is liberated by the British Second Army.
November 1918: Entente advance in central Europe by 11 November 1918.
6.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
6.3.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
January 1920: Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet.
6.3.1.1.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
6.3.1.2.Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.
January 1920: After World War I, Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
7.1.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
7.1.1.German Invasion of Belgium
Was the German Invasion of Belgium during World War II.
May 1940: The Belgian Command withdrew its forces behind the Namur-Antwerp line.
May 1940: Battle of Fort Eben-Emael.
May 1940: When news of the German breakthrough at Sedan reached Prioux, the French withdrew from Gembloux.
May 1940: The outnumbered Belgians abandoned Brussels and the Government fled to Ostend. The city was occupied by the German Army on 17 May.
May 1940: The Germans captured Terneuzen and Ghent that day.
May 1940: The Germans reached the outskirts of Bruges, and captured Ursel.
May 1940: Nevele, Vynckt, Tielt and Iseghem fall on the western and central part of the Leie front.
7.1.2.German Invasion of France
The Battle of France was the German invasion of France during World War II that ended with the French Armistice of Compiègne on 22 June 1940.
7.1.2.1.Central Front of the German Invasion of France (World War II)
Was the front of the Meuse Line during the German invasion of France in World War II.
May 1940: The German advance forces reached the Meuse line late in the afternoon.
May 1940: German advance in Belgium.
7.1.3.Overall Frontline (Belgium and France)
Refers to the battles on the northern French and Belgian front during the German invasion of the region.
May 1940: Frontline of the Battle of Belgium in that date.
May 1940: Antwerp and Suarlee fell to Germany on 19 May.
May 1940: Defensive Perimeter around Dunkirk established. The Germans occupy the surroundings of Dunkirk.
June 1940: Evacuation of British and Belgian forces from Dunkirk completed.
7.1.4.Ardennes Counteroffensive
Was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II.
7.1.4.1.Allied Counteroffensive
Allied military operations to liberate Belgium and Luxembourg during World War II.
January 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
7.1.5.Siegfried Line campaign
Was a phase in the Western European campaign of World War II which involved actions near the German defensive Siegfried Line.
September 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
7.1.5.1.Clearing the Channel Coast
Was a World War II operation undertaken by the First Canadian Army in August 1944 to capture the French coastline along the Strait of Dover.
September 1944: Ostend, a Belgian city and one of the German "channel forts", was liberated in 1944 by Allied forces.
September 1944: The 1st Polish Armoured Division crossed the Belgian border and captured Ypres.
September 1944: Allied troops crossed the Ghent-Bruges Canal against strong opposition.
7.1.5.2.Battle of the Scheldt
Was a series of military operations led by the First Canadian Army, with Polish and British units attached, to open up the shipping route to Antwerp so that its port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe.
October 1944: Allied advances by October 16th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
November 1944: Allied advances by November 10th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
7.1.6.Operation Dragoon
Was the landing operation of the Allied invasion of Provence (Southern France) on 15 August 1944.
7.1.7.Battle of Moerbrugge
Was a three-day battle during the Liberation of Belgium that cleared part of the West Flanders from German troops.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Moerbrugge.
7.1.8.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
March 1945: Frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
7.1.8.1.German Offensive on the Western Front during the Allied invasion
Was a offensive of Germany against the Allies that were invading German-occupied Europe during World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 16th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 20th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 25th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
7.1.8.2.Operation Grenade
Was the crossing of the Roer river between Roermond and Düren by the U.S. Ninth Army which marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Germany.
February 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the Rhineland campaign.
7.2.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
7.2.1.British invasion of Italian East Africa
Was the British invasion and occupation of Italian East Africa during World War II.
July 1941: The Italians were cut off by the Free Belgian forces (Major-General Auguste Gilliaert) who had defeated the Italians at Asosa and Saïo.
November 1941: The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Ethiopia was a British military occupation administration in Ethiopia during East African Campaign of World War II. It expanded from early 1941 until the final Italian defeat in November.
7.3.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the End of World War II the Western European countries of Germany are reverted to their pre-war borders.
April 1949: On 1 April 1949 (prior to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany), the border areas in the territories of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate were temporarily divested to Belgium.
August 1958: Belgium returned the German annexed territories on 28 August 1958 through the German-Belgian border treaty of 24 September 1956. The place Losheimergraben and the western part of the Leykaul municipality, as well as some forests, were excluded from this restoration. These areas remained in Belgium, and so did the previously Belgian municipalities of Eupen and Malmedy that had been incorporated into the German Reich in 1940.
January 1831: The 1830 London Conference of major European powers recognized Belgian independence.
April 1839: The western part of Luxembourg left the federation in 1839 after unification with Belgium.
May 1843: In 1842, a ship sent by King Leopold I of Belgium arrived in Guatemala. Tthe Belgians observed the natural riches of the department of Izabal and decided to settle in Santo Tomas de Castilla and build infrastructure in the region. Rafael Carrera gave them the region in exchange for sixteen thousand pesos every year from the government of Guatemala. On 4 May 1843, the Guatemalan parliament issued a decree giving the district of Santo Tomás "in perpetuity" to the Compagnie belge de colonisation, a private Belgian company under the protection of King Leopold I of Belgium. The concession did not become a colony in the political sense. Article 4 of the May 1842 Acte de concession clearly stated that the cession of the territory to the Belgian company did not involve, implicitly or explicitly, a cession of sovereignty over the territory.
January 1855: Belgian colonizing efforts in Guatemala ceased in 1854, due to lack of financing and high mortality due to yellow fever and malaria, endemic diseases of the tropical climate.
January 1885: In 1884 the people of Boma were forced to grant a protectorate of their country to the International Association of the Congo, made up of European powers.
January 1885: Treaty of the Teke Kingdom with the International African Association.
January 1885: The Kuba Kingdom was disestablished by the International Association of the Congo and annexed.
January 1885: At the start of the colonial era (1884), the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia respectively.
February 1885: The Berlin Conference divides Africa: parts of the Congo absorbed by France, Belgium and Portugal.
February 1885: This Makoko Treaty is one of the causes of the convening of the Berlin Conference, in 1884-85, aimed, among other things, at the partition of the Congo between the European powers.
August 1885: Via the International Association of the Congo, king Leopold II of Belgium was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1886.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Mangbetu became part of Congo.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Ngweshe became part of Congo.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Ruund became part of Congo.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Buhavu became part of Congo.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Kabare became part of Congo.
November 1885: By the end of 1885 Kasongo Luunda became part of Congo.
January 1886: By 1885 the Congo Free State expanded up to the Congo-Zambezi rivers system.
May 1889: The colonization of Ubangi began with the establishment of the outpost Bangui in 1889 by French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. This marked the beginning of French control over the territory, which later became known as the Colony of Ubangi-Shari.
January 1890: The Luba Empire was later absorbed into the Belgian Congo Free State.
June 1890: On 14 June, Sultan Bangassou appears at Yakoma, a post belonging to Belgian king Leopold II's empire, and signs a treaty with Captain Alphonse Vangèle which places his kingdom under the protection of the Congo Free State.
April 1892: In 1892, the Sultan of Rafai made an agreement with the Belgian King Leopold II. From April 8, 1892 to March 31, 1909, the region, like the sultanates of Bang Assou and Zémio, was a protectorate of Leopold's private colony of the Congo Free State.
December 1894: Congo Free State protectorate over the Sultanate of Zemio.
January 1895: After 1894 Bangassou becomes subject to French control.
February 1895: The French lieutenant Vermot takes possession of the post which is attached to the territories of Haut-Oubangui.
July 1895: French forces occupy Zemio city and Zemio North of Mbomou River according to the 12 Jul 1894 France-Congo Free State agreement.
February 1897: Belgian forces led by Chaltin continued defeated the rebels in the Battle of Rejaf, securing the Lado Enclave as a Belgian territory.
January 1900: After King Msiri's death the Kingdom of Kazembe was divided in 1894 between Britain - the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru became part of North-Eastern Rhodesia, administered by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) - and King Leopold II of Belgium's misnamed Congo Free State (CFS) but the real control was achieved only in 1899.
November 1908: The violence and exploitation of the Congo by private militias, when the region was a personal dominion of the Belgian King, compelled the Belgian government to reluctantly annex the state following international pressure.
January 1911: In 1910, following the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo in 1908 and the death of the Belgian King in December 1909, British authorities reclaimed the Lado Enclave as per the Anglo-Congolese treaty signed in 1894, and added the territory to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
January 1914: The borders are finalized according to the Berlin Conference agreement (1884).
January 1915: An Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission was established in 1911 to survey the boundaries between Belgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia on the ground, resolve the problems and mark the border with posts and timber towers used for triangulation.
January 1920: Initially owned by the bishop, the island of Comacina subsequently changed hands through various owners. In 1919 it was bequeathed to King Albert I of Belgium and for a year it became an enclave under Belgian sovereignty.
January 1921: In 1920 Comacina Island was returned to the Italian state.
January 1926: Bushiru is annexed to the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi.
January 1926: Bukunzi remained apart from the central Rwandan court until the military campaign led by colonial Belgium merged it into the central court in 1925.
January 1926: Busozo is annexed to the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi.
January 1926: Kingogo is annexed to the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi.
July 1959: Rwanda becomes independent from Belgium.
June 1960: In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the Republic of Congo.
July 1962: In 1962, the Kingdom of Burundi regained its independence as a constitutional monarchy.
Selected Sources
Battle of the Scheldt. Canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/campaigns/northwesteurope/scheldt.htm
Biermann, W. (2017): Konrad Adenauer: Ein Jahrhundertleben, Hamburg (Germany)
Campaign In The West, Situation 4 June 1940. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope13.jpg
Cook, C. / Stevenson, J. (2006): The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914, Routledge, p.3
Cook, C. / Stevenson, J. (2006): The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914, Routledge, p.4
Crossing Of The Rhine, 22-28 March 1945. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope79.jpg
German Ardennes Counter-Offensive, 26 December 1944 16 January 1945. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope73.jpg
Lück, D. (1933): Rheinlandbesetzung. In: Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon, Düsseldorf (Germany), p. 341-343
NORTHWESTERN EUROPE, 1940 - CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST, 1940 - Situation 21 May and Operations Since 16 May. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe/WWIIEurope12.pdf
NORTHWESTERN EUROPE, 1940 - CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST, 1940 Situation 16 May and Operations - Since 10 May. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe/WWIIEurope11.pdf
Pursuit To The West Wall, 26 August-14 September 1944 United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope66.jpg
Sullivan, G.R.: Ardennes-Alsace p.23. U.S. Army Center of Military Hisotry. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ardennes/aral.htm
The Great War in East Africa. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 April 2021 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg
The Rhineland Campaign, Operations 8 February-5 March & Operations 6-10 March 1945. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope76combined.jpg
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 530
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.266
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