If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country. The cluster starts with the British Raj.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
British East India Company
British India
Union of India
Republic of India
Establishment
January 1612: The English settled in the Masulipatnam in 1611.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the Dutch East India Company of the Banda Islands.
December 1616: English merchant-adventurer Nathaniel Courthope took control of the island of Run with 30 soldiers.
November 1620: The Dutch proceeded to besiege the English fortress of Run for 1,540 days (over 4 years) and finally managed to conquer it in 1620, after which the English abandoned the island.
Was a global conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Empire. The conflict primarily saw the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the East Indies.
2.1.Operations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Were the military operations of the Dutch in the Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1622: The Battle of Hormuz in 1621/2 against the English East India Company resulted in the loss of the fortress of Hormuz to the combined forces of Persia and England which dislodged the Portuguese from the Middle East.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
4.1.Child's War
Was a conflict between the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire. It was the first Anglo-Indian War on the Indian subcontinent.
January 1689: Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the British possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and Bombay.
January 1691: In 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. Emperor Aurangzeb then ordered Sidi Yaqub to lift the Siege of Bombay and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.
January 1691: Set up of a new english base in Calcutta.
4.2.Carnatic Wars
The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India.
4.2.1.First Carnatic War
Was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars. In this conflict the British and French East India Companies fought for control of their respective trading posts at Madras, Pondicherry, and Cuddalore.
4.2.2.Second Carnatic War
Was the continuation of the first Carnatic War in India despites the end of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe.
January 1752: In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot.
4.2.3.Third Carnatic War
The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India.
4.3.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
4.3.1.First Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company.
March 1768: The British consequently occupied Mangalore against minimal opposition in February.
August 1768: They retook Mangalore and the other ports held by the over-extended British forces.
December 1768: In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to Erode Hyder overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was fighting in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic.
April 1769: The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed between Mysore and the British (Lord Verelst) East India Company which brought an end to the First Anglo-Mysore War. The treaty agree to revert to the status quo ante bellum.
4.3.2.Second Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784.
October 1781: Hyder Ali's forces invaded Tanjore.
December 1781: The British forces, led by Sir Eyre Coote, successfully captured Negapatam after a three-week siege in October and November 1781. This defeat prompted Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, to retreat from Tanjore, which ultimately fell under the control of the British East India Company.
December 1781: Coote marched into the Carnatic, and occupied Cuddalore.
March 1782: In February, Hyder detached Tipu with a sizeable force to recover Tanjore. Intelligence failures led the main British garrison to become surrounded by this superior force; Colonel Brathwaite and 2,000 men surrendered.
April 1782: Cuddalore was occupied without resistance in 1782 by the Kingdom of Mysore.
January 1783: The British had captured Bednore (modern day Nagara) and other strongholds in the Malabar coast from Mysore in early 1783.
April 1783: The British captured Mangalore in March 1783.
December 1783: British East India Company troops entered Coimbatore against little resistance.
December 1783: Troops from Stuart's army were joined with those of Colonel William Fullarton in the Tanjore region, where he captured the fortress at Palghautcherry in November.
January 1784: Tipu brought his main army over. He recaptured Bednore.
January 1784: Mangalore was besieged and captured by Mysore forces.
March 1784: The Second Anglo-Mysore War was ended on 11 March 1784 with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore, at which both sides agreed to restore the others' lands to the status quo ante bellum.
4.3.2.1.Capture of Arcot
Was the siege and capture of Arcot by the Kingdom of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
November 1781: Arcot conquered by kingdom of mysore.
4.3.3.Third Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, the Kingdom of Travancore, the Maratha Empire, and the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was the third of four Anglo-Mysore Wars.
4.3.3.1.British attack to Mysore
Was a British military campaign of 1790 in the Kingdom of Mysore during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
July 1790: On 21 July British forces led by Medows entered Coimbatore unopposed.
September 1790: Further strong points in the district fell to the British East India Company, with Palghat and Dindigul requiring significant action to capture.
4.3.3.2.Mysore Counterattack
Was a Mysore counterattack of 1790-1791 against British invasion.
September 1790: British Captain John Floyd withdraw from Sathyamangalam.
July 1791: Cornwallis' retreat to Bangalore exposed the Coimbatore district to Tipu's forces.
November 1791: Siege of Coimbatore.
4.3.3.3.Allied advances
During the summer of 1790, a Maratha army of some 30,000 under the command of Purseram Bhow, accompanied by a detachment of British troops from Bombay invaded the Kingdom of Mysore.
December 1790: Battle of Calicut.
December 1790: The British East India Company captured Cannanore.
February 1791: A second army, consisting of 25,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under the command of Hurry Punt assisted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Madras army, left Poona in January 1791, eventually reaching Kurnool without significant opposition.
March 1791: Lord Cornwallis led the British East India Company forces in the capture of Bangalore in 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
March 1791: Siege of Bangalore.
May 1791: In 1791, during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, British General Cornwallis defeated Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam. The battle on 15 May forced Tipu to retreat behind the city's walls, leading to the territory falling under the control of the British East India Company.
June 1791: The British troops of Hurry Punt moved out from Kurnoo.
October 1791: The siege of Nundydroog was conducted by British East India Company forces under the command of General Charles Cornwallis in October 1791.
December 1791: Siege of Savendroog.
4.3.3.4.Treaty of Seringapatam
Was the treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Mysore lost about one-half of its territories.
March 1792: Treaty of Seringapatam: Under its terms Mysore ceded about one-half of its territories to the other signatories. The Peshwa acquired territory up to the Tungabhadra River, the Nizam was awarded land from the Krishna to the Penner River, and the forts of Cuddapah and Gandikota on the south bank of the Penner. The East India Company received a large portion of Mysore's Malabar Coast territories between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Kali River, and the Baramahal and Dindigul districts. Mysore granted the rajah of Coorg his independence, although Coorg effectively became a company dependency.
4.3.4.Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
Was the fourth and final Anglo-Mysore war. After the war, the Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India.
4.3.4.1.British Invasion (Fourth Anglo-Mysore War)
Was a British military operation in the Kingdom of Mysore during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
November 1798: Three armies of the British East India Company marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, Srirangapatnam, after some engagements with Tipu.
May 1799: In the Battle of Seringapatam, the British broke through the defending walls. Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, rushing to the breach, was shot and killed.
4.3.4.2.Partition of Mysore
After the loss of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was occupied and partitioned. The remnant territories became a princely state of British India.
June 1799: Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne.
June 1799: After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, several Mysore territories were ceded to neighbour states.
4.4.Anglo-Maratha Wars
Was a series of wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India.
4.4.1.First Anglo-Maratha War
Was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. .
March 1775: The British occupied Salsette Island in 1774.
March 1775: The Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts.
March 1776: The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.
November 1778: Following a treaty between France and the Poona Government in 1776, the Bombay Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba, a claimant to the Maratha throne. They sent a force under Col. Egerton, which reached Khopoli in 1778 during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
January 1779: The British East India Company made its way through the Western Ghats at Bhor Ghat and onwards toward Karla.
January 1779: Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered and were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon on 16 Jan. 1779, a victory for the Marathas.
February 1779: In 1779, British General Goddard led 6,000 troops to capture Ahmedabad's Bhadra Fort from the Marathas, marking a significant victory for the British East India Company in their expansion across India.
August 1780: Bengal detachment led by Captain Popham captured Gwalior.
December 1780: Goddard also captured Bassein.
May 1782: The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The borders were reverted to the status quo ante bellum and British forces left the occupied regions.
4.4.2.Second Anglo-Maratha War
Was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. .
December 1802: Baji Rao, the last Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, fled the Maratha invasion to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force.
October 1803: British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort.
December 1803: Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal).
December 1803: On 30 December 1803, the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to the British Rohtak, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.
January 1804: The British strategy included Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau.
4.4.3.Third Anglo-Maratha War
Was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India.
November 1817: In 1817, General Sir Thomas Hislop led the British East India Company troops, including Colonel Smith, to cross the river and establish positions at Ghorpadi during the Third Anglo-Maratha War in India.
January 1818: Battle of Koregaon.
February 1818: British General Smith entered Satara and captured the royal palace of the Marathas.
February 1818: Mountstuart Elphinstone mentions the capture of Sinhagadh in his diary entry.
April 1818: General Smith's forces had taken the forts of Sinhagad and Purandar.
June 1818: Baji Rao surrendered to the British.
4.5.Anglo-Nepalese War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company. .
4.5.1.Treaty of Sugauli
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Nepali War. Nepal lost one-third of its territory.
March 1816: The Anglo-Nepalese War ended with the Treaty of Sugauli, which has been considered as an unequal treaty vecause it led to Nepal losing one-third of its territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.
4.6.British War with Burma to annex Manipur
Was an armed conflict between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Manipur.
February 1826: The conflict between Britain and Burma, known as the First Anglo-Burmese War, was sparked by the discovery of Burmese plans to attack the Sylhet district of Bengal. This led to Britain declaring war on Burma on 5 March 1824.
4.7.Anglo-Burmese Wars
Were a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. After the third and last war, Burma was annexed to British India.
4.7.1.First Anglo-Burmese War
Was the first of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma lost territories in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.
4.7.1.1.Western theatre (First Anglo-Burmese War)
Was a British military campaign in western Burma during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
February 1824: British forces reached Cachar and Jaintia.
March 1824: Burmese general Thado Thiri Maha Uzana defeated the British units in Cachar and Jaintia in January 1824.
4.7.1.2.Burma interior Campaign (First Anglo-Burmese War)
Was a British military campaign in the interior of Burma during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
May 1824: A British naval force of over 10,000 men (5,000 British soldiers and over 5,000 Indian sepoys) entered the harbour of Yangon (Rangoon), taking the Burmese by surprise.
August 1824: The British launched attacks on Burmese lines, and by July 1824, had successfully pushed the Burmese towards Kamayut, 8 km from Shwedagon.
November 1824: Burmese general Bandula commanded a force of 30,000 massed outside Yangon.
December 1824: The Burmese were driven out of their last remaining stronghold at Kokine.
April 1825: Battle of Danubyu.
May 1825: The British proceeded to occupy the rest of Arakan.
January 1826: Battle of Prome.
January 1826: With a large portion of the Burmese army dispersed at Prome, the British army led by Campbell advanced toward Ava unimpeded until they encountered a stockaded defence at Bagan.
February 1826: British army at Yandabo village, only 80 km from the capital Ava, the Burmese were forced to accept the British terms without discussion. According to the treaty, the Burmese agreed to: Cede to the British- Assam without any consent and approval of the Ahom Kingdom in their own region, Manipur, Rakhine (Arakan), and the Taninthayi (Tenasserim) coast south of the Salween River.
February 1826: Battle of Prome.
4.7.1.3.Treaty of Yandabo
Was the peace treaty that ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. .
February 1826: The Treaty of Yandabo ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. The treaty resulted in the cession of Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Rakhine, and Tenasserim to the British.
4.7.2.Second Anglo-Burmese War
Was the first of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma lost the Pegu province (renamed Lower Burma by the British).
January 1853: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India at the time, and King Pagan was the ruler of the province of Pegu. The British East India Company annexed Pegu in 1853 as part of their expanding colonial territories in India.
4.7.3.Third Anglo-Burmese War
Was the last of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma was annexed to British India.
4.7.3.1.British annexion of Burma
Annexion of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma by British India after the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
November 1885: The British, led by General Sir Harry Prendergast, annexed the remaining territories of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma during the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. This was in response to the growing influence of French Indochina in the region.
4.8.Anglo-Afghan Wars
Were three wars in which the British Empire tried to extend its influence in modern-day Afghanistan.
4.8.1.Second Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between Afghanistan and the British Empire. At the end of the war, Afghanistan became a British protectorate.
4.8.1.1.First British Invasion
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
4.8.1.1.1.Treaty of Gandamak
Was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the treaty, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj and the country became a British protectorate.
May 1879: A peace treaty was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under its terms, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj, including Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber, while retaining sovereignty over the rest of Afghanistan.
4.8.2.Third Anglo-Afghan War
Was a conflict that began in 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India.
May 1919: An Uprising took place in Peshwar with the support of Afghan forces.
May 1919: The inhabitants of Peshawar complied and by dawn on 8 May the situation in the city was under control and the threat of an uprising abated.
4.9.Anglo-Sikh Wars
Were two military conflicts between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire.
4.9.1.First Anglo-Sikh War
Was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company.
December 1845: Battle of Mudki.
December 1845: Battle of Ferozeshah.
January 1846: Battle of Aliwal.
February 1846: Battle of Sobraon.
4.9.1.1.Treaty of Lahore
In the Treaty of Lahore of 9 March 1846 that ended the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Sikhs surrendered the Jullundur Doab region to the British.
March 1846: The Lahore Durbar was required to pay an indemnity of 15 million rupees to the British. Because it could not readily raise this sum, it ceded Kashmir, Hazarah and all the forts, territories, rights and interests in the hill countries situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus to the East India Company, as equivalent to ten million of rupees.
March 1846: In the Treaty of Lahore the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and Sutlej River.
4.9.2.Second Anglo-Sikh War
Was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that took place in 1848 and 1849 and resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire.
January 1849: Captain John Nicholson, leading irregular cavalry based at Peshawar, seized the vital fort of Attock on the Indus River from its Sikh garrison.
January 1849: Battle of Chillianwala.
January 1849: Mulraj surrendered on 22 January.
February 1849: Battle of Chillianwala.
February 1849: Battle of Gujrat.
March 1849: Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered near Rawalpindi.
March 1849: Sikh ruler Duleep Singh signed away all claims to the rule of the Punjab to the British, who annexed the region.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
5.1.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France accepted the re-establishment of the status quo in the overseas territories. Madras given back to the British.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
6.1.Indian Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of war of the Seven Years' War in the Indian Subcontinent.
6.1.1.Capture of Calcutta
The Mughal Empire captured British-held Calcutta during the Seven Years' War.
June 1756: The Siege of Calcutta was a battle between the Bengal Subah and the British East India Company on 20 June 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, aimed to seize Calcutta to punish the Company for the unauthorised construction of fortifications at Fort William.
6.2.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
7.1.Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the American Revolutionary War.
July 1781: British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
May 1784: End of British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
7.1.1.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
8.1.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
July 1795: British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795.
July 1795: British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
January 1796: As a result of the Kew Letters, Dutch settlements on the Malabar Coast were surrendered to the British in 1795, in order to prevent them from being overrun by the French.
August 1814: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Bengal to Dutch rule.
8.2.Gunboat War
Was a naval conflict between Denmark-Norway and the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the materially superior Royal Navy.
February 1808: The Danish possessions at Tranquebar was taken over by the British East India Company.
Were a series of struggles between the Kingdom of Cotiote and the British East India Company. Following the war, Cotiote was annexed to the Madras Presidency.
November 1805: Cotiote War ended within months of the death of Cotiote leader, Pazhassi Raja in a skirmish on 30 November 1805. Following this war, kingdom of Cotiote was annexed into district of Malabar in Madras Presidency.
Was a war fought between the British East India Company and the State of Coorg in 1834.
April 1834: The Raja of Coorg was Chikka Veerarajendra, who defied the British East India Company in 1834. The advanced guard was led by General Lindsay, who besieged the fortified position of Somwarpet, resulting in a short but bloody campaign.
April 1834: Two divisions entered Mercara bringing an end to the hostilities.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
11.1.Punjab War
The Sikh Empire took control of the entirety of Punjab from the Afghans.
January 1821: The Sikh Empire, led by Ranjit Singh, took control of the entirety of Punjab from the Afghans as well as local princes.
Was a war fought between British India and Bhutan from 1864 to 1865.
12.1.Treaty of Sinchula
Was the treaty that ended the Bhutan War. Under the terms of the Treaty, signed 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan to British India.
November 1865: Under the terms of the Treaty of Sinchula, signed 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan.
Was a British military expedition against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency.
January 1892: At the end of the 19th century the troops of the British Empire tried to consolidate their control over the tribal areas of the north-east of the Raj, encountering some resistance especially in the principalities of Hunza and Nagar. In 1891, Colonel Algernon George Arnold Durand was therefore sent to Nagar and Hunza which, following the battle of Nilt Nagar, were occupied.
The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir.
November 1893: The British in 1893 forced Afghanistan to consent to the Durand Line and annexed a third of Afghanistan.
Was a British military campaign against the Kabul Khel, a Waziri tribe in Pakistan that had rebelled.
January 1897: Kabul Khel, who had then been in a state of rebellion since 1896.
November 1902: In 1902, the British launched an expedition against the Kabul Khel (a Waziri tribe in Pakistan), who had then been in a state of rebellion since 1896. Troops under the command of Major-General Egerton began their invasion of Kabul Khel tribal territory from Thal, Idak and Barganatu. British forces advanced with ease, capturing Gumatti.
November 1902: With the Kabul Khel having been pacified, British forces withdrew on the 25th, ending the expedition.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
16.1.British expedition to Tibet
Was a British military invasion of Tibet, at the time part of Qing China.
January 1909: After Chinese and Tibetan Authorities had finished to pay indemnities to the British, the Chumbi Valley was given back to Tibet.
16.1.1.Treaty of Lhasa
Was the treaty that ended the British invasion of Tibiet.
September 1904: The Treaty of Lhasa ended the British expedition to Tibet, ceding the Chumbi Valley to Great Britain. Following the treaty, British forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Tibet.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
17.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
17.1.1.Japanese conquest of Burma
Was a Japanese military campaign against British Burma that resulted in the Japanese occupation of the region.
17.1.2.Burma Campaign
Was the battle between the Japanese and British forces in Burma, during World War II.
17.1.2.1.Operation U-Go
Was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills.
March 1944: Japanese advance up to Imphal.
April 1944: Japanese advance up to Kohima.
June 1944: Battle of Kohima. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin.
July 1944: The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in northeast India from March until July 1944. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin.
17.1.3.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
17.2.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
17.2.1.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
17.2.1.1.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
Was the partition of British India in two independent entities: India (with a Hindu majority) and Pakistan (with a Muslim majority). This included the several princely states that were dependent on the British Colony.
July 1947: The accession to the Indian Union was signed by the Maharaja of Bikaner on 7 August 1947.
August 1947: Mysore joined the Indian Union on 9 August 1947.
August 1947: The Khanate of Kalat was briefly independent from 12 August 1947.
August 1947: Accession of Tripura State to India.
August 1947: Ballabhgarh acceded India.
August 1947: Accession to India. The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
August 1947: The Dominion of Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was established in August 1947 as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which led to the Partition of British India along religious lines in order to create a separate country for British Indian Muslims. The country encompassed actual Pakistan and Bangladesh.
August 1947: Akkalkot acceded India.
August 1947: In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan.
August 1947: Kochi was the first princely state to willingly join the new Dominion of India in 1947.
August 1947: The last ruler of the Baoni State, Muhammad al-Hasan Mushtaq, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 August 1947 and continued to rule the state .
August 1947: In August 1947 the Bharatpur State acceded to the newly independent Dominion of India.
August 1947: The last ruler of the Charkhari Princely state signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 August 1947.
August 1947: Jaisalmer State acceeded to the Indian Union.
August 1947: Lathi acceded India.
December 1947: Accession of Raigarh State to India.
January 1948: At the time of the British Raj, Talcher State was one among the 26 feudatory states of Odisha. The state's accession to the Indian Union was signed by its last ruler Hrudaya Chandra Dev Birabar on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Accession to India (exact date not known). The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
January 1948: In 1948, one year after Indian independence, Bhaisunda was merged into the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh.
January 1948: After the independence of India in 1947 Hindol merged into the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: After the Independence of India in 1947, the Loharu State acceded to the Union of India and many of the ruling family and the city's Muslim inhabitants re-settled in Lahore, Pakistan.
January 1948: Following Indian independence in 1947 Maharaja Hanwant Singh, the last ruler of Jodhpur state, signied the Instrument of Accession to India.
January 1948: guler acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: The last Raja of the Tigiria State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Torawati State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: Following the independence of India in 1947, the Janjira State was merged with India.
January 1948: Saraikela, along with 24 other princely states of the Eastern States Agency, acceded to the Government of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Datia acceded unto the Dominion of India.
January 1948: Changbhakar State acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: In 1947, the Benares Kingdom was annexed to India. The kingdom was ruled by Maharaja Prabhu Narayan Singh. The annexation was part of the integration of princely states into the newly independent Union of India.
January 1948: The Bastar State acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Basoda became a British protectorate until 1947, when its last ruler, Nawab Masood Ali Khan, signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: On 1 January 1948 Bamra's last princely ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: The last ruler of Narsinghpur Princely State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Nabha State, with its capital at Nabha, was one of the Phulkian princely states of Punjab during the British Raj in India. It acceded to the Union of India in 1947.
January 1948: In 1947, at the time of the Partition of India, Bhajji's ruler acceded to the newly independent Union of India.
January 1948: Its last ruler of the Baudh State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: On 1 January 1948 the last ruler of Gangpur signed the accession to the Indian Union.
January 1948: Dhar State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1948: When the British left India in 1947, they abandoned their subsidiary alliances with the princely states, and the Maharajah of Faridkot acceded his state to the new Union of India.
January 1948: The Ranas ruled the Dhaulpur State until the independence of India in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the Union of India.
January 1948: Jashpur was one of the states of the Eastern States Agency. The last ruler of this princely state signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948.
January 1948: Mahant Ritu Purna Kishor Das, the last ruling Chief of Chhuikhadan, acceded to the Union of India on 1 February 1948.
February 1948: Sardargardh Bantva had acceded to Pakistan in 1947, but then rescinded the accession and re-accedeed to India on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: Chuda State ceased to exist on 15 February 1948 by accession to newly independent India's Saurashtra State.
February 1948: Accession of Porbandar State to India.
February 1948: The Morvi State's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: Accession of Vala State to India.
February 1948: On 22 October 1947 India took over the administration of Bantva Manavadar. An interim administrator was appointed to carry on the governance of the state, during which time the Government of India held a plebiscite in his domain. Participants voted in favour of union with India and on 15 February 1948 the accession to Pakistan was rescinded.
February 1948: Accession of Wankaner State to India.
February 1948: Dhrangadhra ceased to exist by accession to recently independent India's western state Saurashtra (now in Gujarat) on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: The last ruler of Dhrol State, Thakur Sahib Chandrasimhji Dipsinhji, signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: The last ruler of Gondal State, Maharaja Bhojrajji Bhagwatsimhji, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.
February 1948: Accession of Sangli State to India.
April 1948: Raja Durga Singh acceded Baghat State to the Union of India on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: On 15 April 1948 Bonai's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
April 1948: Baghal joined India on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: The last ruler of Mandi signed the accession to the Indian Union thus being incorporated into the State of Himachal Pradesh as Mandi district on 15 April 1948.
April 1948: Its last ruler of the Suket State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 April 1948.
June 1948: Danta's last ruler signed the accession to join the Indian Union on 6 November 1948.
June 1948: Accession of Piploda State to India.
June 1948: After India's independence in 1947, the last ruling Rajgarh acceded to the Indian government on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: The Ratlam State's last ruler signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: Accession of Sailana State to India.
June 1948: Nawab Muhammad Usman 'Ali Khan (ruled 1947-1948) acceded to the Government of India on 15 June 1948.
June 1948: Accession of Gwalior State to India.
August 1948: Raja Shrimant Sir Raghunathrao Shankarrao Babasaheb Pandit Pant Sachiv was the last ruler of the Bhor State. During his reign, he implemented many reforms such as abolition of untouchability, freedom of association and introduction of representative government. He signed the accession to the Indian Union on 8 March 1948 which ended the separate existence of Bhor state.
August 1948: Jafarabad State acceded to the Indian Union on 8 March 1948.
August 1948: Accession of Ramdurg State to India.
August 1948: The last ruler of the Aundh was Raja Shrimant Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi ("Bala Sahib"). The state joined the Union of India.
August 1948: Phaltan acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948 and is currently a part of Maharashtra state.
August 1948: Accession of Miraj State to India.
August 1948: Accession of Mudhol State to India.
September 1948: In August 1947 Kalahandi became part of the Eastern States Union of India, an entity that was formed in Rajpur and that gathered most of the princely states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
October 1948: The Chhota Udaipur State merged with the Union of India on 10 March 1948.
October 1948: On 10 June 1948 Idar became part of the Indian Union.
October 1948: Cambay's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
October 1948: The last ruler of Balasinor signed the accession to join the Indian Union on 10 June 1948.
October 1948: Accession of Rajpipla State to India.
October 1948: Accession of Sant State to India.
October 1948: Bansda's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union.
October 1948: Accession of Mohanpur State to India.
October 1948: Bilaspur acceded to India on 28 October 1948.
January 1949: Accession to India (exact date not known). The Indian Independence Act came into being on 15 August.
January 1949: Banka-Pahari State: The Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs were British protectorates between 1823 and 1947. Their last jagirdars (rulers) joined the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: The last ruler of the Jaso State signed the accession to the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: Accession to the Indian Union of Limbdi State.
January 1949: Khairagarh State acceded the Indian Union.
January 1949: Accession to the Indian Union of Chamba State.
January 1949: After India's independence in 1948, the Rana of Barwani acceded to India, and Barwani became part of the Nimar District of Madhya Bharat state.
January 1949: Sirmur Kingdom acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: Baudh State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union, Vallabhbhai Patel, undertook the process of unifying 565 princely states with the Union. The last Maharaja of Bhavnagar, Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh handed over the administration of his Bombay State to the people's representative in 1948.
January 1949: In 1948, the ruler of Banganapalle acceded to newly independent India, and Banganapalle was incorporated into Kurnool district of the then Madras Presidency.
January 1949: Bushahr State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: Datarpur State acceeded to the Indian Union.
January 1949: Kamta-Rajaula was a princely state in India during the British Raj. In 1948, the territory was integrated into the Union of India.
January 1949: The rulers acceded to the Government of India after India's independence in 1947.
January 1949: In 1947, at the time of the Indian independence, Patna's ruler did not immediately accede to the newly independent Dominion of India, delaying accession until 1948.
January 1949: Sitamau State was a princely state of the British Raj before 1947. Its capital was in Sitamau town, Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the state was 350 square miles. The average revenue of the state was Rs.130,000. The ruling dynasty was historically related to the Rathores of Ratlam State.
January 1949: After Indian independence in 1947, Alirajpur acceded to the Union of India, and the principality was incorporated into the new state of Madhya Bharat.
January 1949: Its last ruler of the Athmallik State signed the accession to the Indian Union in 1948.
January 1949: The State of Baria was merged into India and became part of Bombay state.
January 1949: In 1947 Cutch joined India.
January 1949: After India's independence in 1947, the Maharajas of Dewas acceded to India.
January 1949: In 1948, the Khaniadhana State acceded to the Union of India.
January 1949: Accession of Sandur State to India.
January 1949: Bhopal State was merged into the Union of India in 1949 as Bhopal.
July 1949: The last ruler of Udaipur State signed the accession to Independent India on 7 April 1949.
July 1949: Accession of Tonk State to India.
July 1949: Bundi's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949.
July 1949: Accession of Karauli State to India.
July 1949: Accession of Alwar to the Dominion of India.
July 1949: Jaipur's last princely ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949.
January 1950: Accession of Pratapgarh State to India.
January 1950: When the British colonial rule was finally terminated in India, the Koch Bihar state immediately acceded to and merged with India in 1949 and became a part of West Bengal.
January 1950: In 1947, the Benares Kingdom was annexed to India. The kingdom was ruled by Maharaja Prabhu Narayan Singh. The annexation was part of the integration of princely states into the newly independent Union of India.
January 1950: The Garhwal Kingdom acceded to India and joined the Union of India.
January 1950: Chhatarpur's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Accession of Jigni State to India.
January 1950: Accession of Shahpura State to India.
January 1950: Its last ruler of Atgarh State signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: The Bijawar State acceded to India on 1 January 1950, and became part of the state of Vindhya Pradesh.
January 1950: On 1 January 1950, Dhurwai acceded to the Indian Union and was merged into the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh with the other Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs.
January 1950: Accession of Kothi State to India.
January 1950: The last Raja of Nagod, HH Shrimant Mahendra Singh, signed the accession of his state to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Accession of Kota State to India.
January 1950: Accession of Sohawal State to India.
January 1950: Raja Yadvendra Singh, the last ruler of Beri State signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Pratap Singh Ju Dev signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Accession of Tori Fatehpur to India.
January 1950: Ajaigarh State acceded to the Government of India on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: Yashwant Rao Holkar II, the last ruler of the Indore State, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: The last Pratihara ruler of Alipura signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950.
January 1950: In 1949 Banswara was merged into the Indian Union.
January 1950: The Union of India was transformed into the Republic of India by the promulgation of the Constitution of India in 1950.
January 1951: Indian protectorate on Sikkim in 1950.
January 1951: Accession of Samthar State to India.
January 1951: Accession of Orchha State to India.
January 1951: Accession of Panna State to India.
January 1958: Accession of Kutlehar State to India.
Was an Indian military campaign to annex the princely state of Junagadh that had joined Pakistan despites being a region with a Hindu majority.
November 1947: By 9 November 1947, the Indian Government assumed the administration of Junagarh using the "pretext" of re-establishing peace.
Is an ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan, two countries that emerged fromt he partition of British India in 1947.
20.1.Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir shortly after the partition of the British Raj.
November 1947: An Indian relief column reached Poonch.
November 1947: A second Indian relief column reached Kotli.
February 1948: Pakistani Tribal forces attacked and captured Jhanger.
February 1948: Poonch conquered by India.
February 1948: A minor Indian attack secured Chamb.
May 1948: The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri.
May 1948: Skardu was brought under siege by the Gilgit Scouts.
May 1948: The Gilgit scouts made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring Leh under siege.
May 1948: In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail.
May 1948: Pakistan captured Kargil.
June 1948: Zoji La fell to the Pakistani forces in May 1948.
June 1948: In 1948, during the Indo-Pakistani War, Keran and Gurais were captured by Indian forces led by Major General Thimayya.
July 1948: Khalatse conquered by pakistan.
August 1948: With the help of artillery Pakistani forces were able to take Skardu.
September 1948: The Zoji La pass was forced and the Pakistanis pushed back to Matayan.
November 1948: Dras conquered by Union of India.
November 1948: Indian troops advanced on Kargil.
November 1948: Poonch was finally relieved after a siege by Pakistani forces of over a year.
December 1948: Situation at ceasefire of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
20.1.1.Accession to India
During the partition of the British Raj between a Hindu state (India) and a Muslim state (Pakistan) the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was forced to join India in order to have assistance against an invasion by Pakistan.
October 1947: On October 26, 1947, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir declared his country's annexation to India, which was recognized the following day by the Governor General of India, Louis Mountbatten.
20.1.2.Indian Counterattack (Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948)
Was the Indian counterattack against the Pakistani invasion of Jammu and Kashmir during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948.
November 1947: Baramulla and Uri were recaptured by Indian forces.
20.1.3.Pakistan annexion of Gilgit
Was the incorporation of the Gilgit-Baltistan region (one third of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir) into Pakistan in 1947.
November 1947: In Gilgit, the state paramilitary forces, called the Gilgit Scouts, joined the invading Pakistani forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state.
20.2.Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Was a border conflict betweenn Pakistan and India that took place in Kashmir.
September 1965: During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the town of Khem Karan was captured by Pakistani forces led by Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik. The town's proximity to the international border made it a strategic location during the conflict.
September 1965: Battle of Phillora.
September 1965: Battle of Lahore.
September 1965: Battle of Chawinda.
January 1966: The Tashkent Declaration was signed by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It aimed to resolve the conflict that arose during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, restoring the status quo ante bellum.
January 1966: The Tashkent Declaration was signed by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It aimed to restore peace between the two countries after the 1965 war, with both leaders agreeing to return to the pre-war borders (status quo ante bellum).
20.3.Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Was a war between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16 December 1971.
20.3.1.Bangladesh Liberation War
Was the war of independence of Bangladesh (at the time known as East Pakistan) against Pakistan.
December 1971: Battle of Longewala.
20.3.2.Punjab Front
Was the theatre of war in Punjab during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
December 1971: Battle of Basantar.
20.3.2.1.Simla Agreement
Was a peace treaty between India and Pakistan that ended the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
July 1972: The lands in West Pakistan occupied by India were returned in the 1972 Simla Agreement, as a gesture of goodwill.
20.4.Siachen conflict
Was a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed 1,000-square-mile (2,600 km2) Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
April 1984: Operation Meghdoot was an Indian Armed Forces operation to capture the Siachen Glacier in the Kashmir region, precipitating the Siachen Conflict.
20.5.Kargil War
Was a war between India and Pakistan fought in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.
20.5.1.Infiltrations of Pakistan (Kargil War)
Were a series of Pakistani intrusions in Indian territories during the Kargil War.
May 1999: In 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated into the Kargil region of India, leading to a conflict between the two countries. The conflict came to be known as the Kargil War.
May 1999: In 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated into the Kargil region of India, leading to a conflict between the two countries. The conflict came to be known as the Kargil War. Drass, Kaksar and north of Mashkoh were occupied by Pakistan.
July 1999: By July 11, 1999, most of the occupied positions in the Kargil War between India and Pakistan had been recaptured by the Indian Army.
Was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled princely state of Hyderabad, annexing it into the Indian Union.
September 1948: Indian forces occupy Naldurg, Jalkot, Umarge, Kodar, and Mungala.
September 1948: Indian forces occupy Rajeshwar, Osmanabad, Aurangabad, and Jalna
September 1948: Indian forces occupy Latur, Mominabad, Surriapet, and Narkatpalli.
September 1948: Indian forces occupy Zahirabad.
September 1948: Indian forces occupy Bidar, Chytal, and Hingoli.
September 1948: General Chaudhari led an armoured column into Hyderabad at around 4 p.m. on 18 September and the Hyderabad army, led by Major General El Edroos, surrendered.
Was the occupation of the Portuguese territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in India that were subsequently inglobated in the Indian Republic.
July 1954: Liberation of Dadra: the territories of Dadra were integrated into the Republic of India.
July 1954: Liberation of Naroli from Portuguese rule.
August 1954: Indian liberation of Silvassa.
August 1954: In 1954, the Portuguese unit surrendered to the Special Reserve Police (SRP) at Udva in the remnant Dadra and Nagar Haveli territory. This event marked the beginning of the liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese colonial rule.
Was an armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces to annex the last Portuguese Indian territory of Goa.
December 1961: The "armed action" was code named Operation Vijay (meaning "Victory") by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining exclaves in India.
Was a war between China and India over disputed border territories. When the military invasion of China reached its claim lines it declared a unilateral cease-fire which ended the conflict.
24.1.Chinese offensive (Sino-Indian War)
Was a Chinese offensive during the Sino-Indian War.
October 1962: The Chinese easily took the Chip Chap Valley, Galwan Valley, and Pangong Lake.
October 1962: The southern banks of the Namka Chu River are occupied by Chinese forces.
October 1962: Indian military posts north of Chushul were cleared by Chinese forces.
October 1962: In 1962, during the Sino-Indian War, Chinese troops led by General Zhang Guohua launched a three-pronged attack on Tawang, a town in the North-Eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. The Indian forces, under the command of Major Rinchin, were forced to evacuate the territory, leading to its military occupation by the People's Republic of China.
November 1962: The People's Republic of China penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur, Assam.
November 1962: The territories of the eastern part of the border India-China are evacuated by the Indian Army.
January 1613: In 1612, England established its first Indian trading factory in Surat.
January 1617: A Dutch fort is established in Suratte (today called Surat) by Pieter van den Broecke in 1616.
January 1620: The British East India Company established trading posts in Surat (1619).
January 1626: By 1625 a factory had been established at Masulipatnam (present-day Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh).
January 1640: Madras is acquired by the British East India Company.
May 1661: On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed Bombay in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.
January 1686: British Bencoolen was a possession of the British East India Company (EIC) from 1685. It covered about 480 km along the southwestern coast of Sumatra.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
January 1703: In 1702, the English East India Company founded a settlement on Côn Sơn Island.
January 1706: In 1705 the garrison and settlement were destroyed.
January 1722: The Baroda State was founded in 1721, when the Maratha general Pilaji Gaekwad conquered Songadh from the Mughals.
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
January 1742: In 1741, Governor Joseph François Dupleix arrived in India, aiming to establish a French territorial empire. Commanded by Marquis Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's forces gained control over the area from Hyderabad to Cape Comorin.
January 1750: After 1749, the British East India Company took possession of São Tomé de Meliapore.
December 1754: The Governor of French India, Charles Godeheu, signed a treaty with the British on December 26, 1754, agreeing to evacuate all the territories in India conquered by his predecessor, Joseph Dupleix. The British also agreed to leave the territories of French India that they had occupied.
June 1757: British Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive defeated Indian and French forces in the Battle of Plassey.
January 1760: Murshidabad was a Dutch trading post from 1710 to 1759.
January 1761: Expansion of the Ahom Kingdom by 1769.
January 1761: Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760.
April 1766: Lord Robert Clive next applied to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory. British began occupying the Northern Circars in March 1766.
December 1766: The nizam objected, issuing threatening letters to company authorities in Madras. He considered going to war against the company, but his poor financial condition made this impossible. Instead he negotiated a treaty with the company in November 1766. Under its terms the company received four of the five circar immediately (Guntur, the fifth, having been granted to the nizam's son as a jaghir, was to be delivered upon the son's death).
January 1771: In 1770, Francis Light was instructed by the British East India Company (BEIC) to take Penang from Kedah. He achieved this by giving assurance to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II that his army will protect Kedah from any Siamese invasion. In return, the Sultan agree to hand over Penang to the British.
January 1773: In 1772, Nagvanshi became a vassal of British rule.
January 1777: Thanjavur was annexed by the Nawab of the Carnatic who ruled till 1776. The throne was restored to him by the Directors of the British East India Company. But his restoration came at a heavy price as it deprived him of his independence.
April 1782: Syburi (present-day Kedah) and Trengganu in Malaysia are conquered by the Rattanakosin Kingdom.
January 1784: Chandrasekhara Chikkaraya Chowta V was the last Chowta king who had some authority. He reigned from 1783 to 1822. Following the conquest of South Canara by the British the Chowtas lost all their power except that they received a small pension from the then government.
January 1786: Territorial cessions of Siam to the British in 1785.
August 1786: Prince of Wales Island colony (under British East India Company) was ceded to Britain by Sultan of Kedah.
January 1789: In 1788 the British East India Company gained control of the Circar of Guntur, the southernmost of the Northern Circars, which the company had acquired under earlier agreements with the Nizam.
January 1790: In 1789, the Bengal Presidency established a naval base and penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman.
January 1791: The British seized Cannanore.
June 1791: Sachin state was founded on 6 June 1791. Though over 85% of the subjects were Hindu, the state was ruled by Sunni Muslims of the Siddi dynasty of Danda-Rajpuri and Janjira State. The Siddi dynasty is of Abyssinian (Habesha) origin.
January 1796: In 1795 CE after an heir dispute the Ramnad State was reduced to the status of zamidari by the East India Company.
January 1802: In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh, Saadat Ali, ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by Zaman Shah Durrani, the grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
January 1802: In 1801, the territories of Nawab of the Carnatic (ruler of Arcot and Nellore), Nawab of Junagarh, and Rohilkhand of Lower Doab were annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1803: The Nawab of Farrukhabad, Muhammad Khan Bangash, ceded Farrukhabad district to the British East India Company in 1802.
January 1804: Loharu town, the seat of the state's administration town got its name from the Lohars (local blacksmiths) who were employed in the minting of coins for the erstwhile Jaipur State. The princely state of Loharu was founded by Ahmad Baksh Khan in 1803 when he received the town of Loharu.
January 1805: In 1804 British protection was promised to the Maratha subedar, Rao Shiv Rao Hari Bhau resulting in his de facto independence of the Peshwas of Pune. He assumed the title of Rao of Jhansi in the year 1804. He became the first Rao of Jhansi, the area of which extended over 4,059 km2.
January 1805: The state of Pataudi was established in 1804 by the British East India Company, when Faiz Talab Khan, an Afghan Muslim Pashtun of the Barech tribe, who was made the first Nawab, aided them in their battle against the Maratha Empire, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
January 1806: British conquests in India until 1805.
January 1807: Jalaun State was a Maratha princely state in the Bundelkhand region. It was centered on Jalaun, in present-day Jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh. The town was the capital of the state from 1806 to 1840.
January 1807: Nawab Muhammad Amir Khan (1769-1834), an adventurer and military leader of Pashtun descent, established the Tonk State. Amir Khan rose to be a military commander in the service of Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire in 1798. In 1806, Khan received the state of Tonk from Yashwantrao Holkar.
January 1807: Dhaulpur State or Dholpur State was a kingdom of eastern Rajasthan, India, which was founded in AD 1806 by a Hindu Jat Rana Kirat Singh of Dhaulpur, Ruler.
January 1808: Gaurihar state was founded in 1807 after a split from Ajaigarh State.
January 1809: Serampore was occupied by British forces during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1810: In 1809 Tripura became a British protectorate and in 1838 the Rajas of Tripura were recognised by the British as sovereigns.
January 1811: The state of Reman was founded in Patani between the older principalities of Pujut, Jalor and Legeh. It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to observe the mining-activities in the area during the reign of Muhammad Raja Bakar, the Sultan of Patani.
January 1811: Jigni became a British protectorate in 1810 under the rule of Pirthi Singh.
January 1812: In 1811, during the period of Company Rule in India, it became part of the Bundelkhand Agency within the Central India Agency.
January 1813: Pahra was founded in 1812 when a sanad was granted to Sālig Rām Chaube, son of Rām Kishan of Kalinjar, confirming him in the possession of the territory. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs of the area.
January 1813: Dhurwai State was founded in the Bundelkhand region in 1812 by a descendant of the royal family of Orchha Diwan Rai Singh of Baragaon near Jhansi.
January 1813: Bhaisaunda state was founded in 1812 by the Kalinjar family. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs, which were part of the Bagelkhand Agency of British India.
January 1813: Taraon was founded in 1812 and was located in Taraon Fort, which had been a former possession of the Rajas of Panna State. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs.
January 1813: Kamta-Rajaula State was ruled by Raja Kamta Prasad Singh during the British Raj. In 1812, the territory of Kamta-Rajaula State was expanded through a successful military campaign.
January 1813: Paldeo was founded in 1812. It was one of the Chaube Jagirs.
January 1815: In 1814, as per the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the islands of Kochi, including Fort Kochi, were ceded to the United Kingdom. This agreement was made between the Dutch Governor-General Godert van der Capellen and British Governor-General Lord Minto. The Kingdom of Cochin (Princely State) lost control of the territory to the United Kingdom in this exchange for the island of Banca.
April 1815: The Treaty of Sugauli was signed between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The British annexed Pauri Garhwal and made Tehri Garhwal a princely state under their control in 1815.
April 1815: Garhwal was restored as a Princely state of British India following the Treaty of Sugauli.
March 1816: The Gorkhas were defeated by the East India Company in Anglo-Nepalese War and were forced to cede Kumaon to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.
June 1816: In 1816, the Oudh State, a Mughal vassal, became a British protectorate. This decision was made under the rule of the Nawab of Oudh, Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar, who was facing internal unrest and pressure from the British East India Company.
January 1817: On the conclusion of the Gurkha War the British Government placed Fateh Parkash, the minor son of Karm Parkãsh, on the throne, annexing all the territories east of the Jumna with Kotaha and the Kiãrda Dan.
January 1818: By 1817, the British were anxious to have alliances with Rajput rulers and the Treaty of Friendship, Alliances and Unity was concluded between Mewar and East India Company (on behalf of Britain) on 13 January 1818. Under the treaty, the British Government agreed to protect the territory of Mewar, in return for which Mewar acknowledged British supremacy and agreed to abstain from political associations with other states and to pay one-fourth of its revenues as tribute for 5 years, and three-eight in perpetuity.
February 1818: Bishan Singh made a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company on 10 February 1818, which brought him under its protection.
March 1818: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818.
June 1818: The British had no role in the state's affairs until 6 January 1818, when the Raja at that time, Man Singh, entered into a subsidiary alliance, after which the Rajas of Marwar (or Jodhpur) continued as rulers of a princely state.
January 1819: After the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Bhopal became a British princely state in 1818.
January 1819: In 1818, following the defeat of the Maratha Empire and when the Nagpur kingdom became a British protectorate, local rule was restored by the British authorities on payment of a tribute of Rs 500.
January 1819: Serampore is given back to Denmark.
January 1819: In 1818, Dungarpur State came under British Raj control through a treaty. It was a 15-gun salute state, indicating its status and importance within the British colonial hierarchy. The rulers of Dungarpur played a significant role in the region's history during this time.
May 1819: In 1819, the British East India Company completed its conquest of the Maratha Empire. This marked the end of Maratha rule and the consolidation of British control over much of the Indian subcontinent.
December 1819: On 24 Dec 1819 the Korea state became a British protectorate.
January 1820: The Arakkal Kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1823: Chandrasekhara Chikkaraya Chowta V was the last Chowta king who had some authority. He reigned from 1783 to 1822. Following the conquest of South Canara by the British the Chowtas lost all their power except that they received a small pension from the then government.
March 1824: The British ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
March 1824: With the desire to divide the Indies into two separate spheres of influence, the Dutch ceded all their establishment on the Indian peninsula to the British with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
June 1825: Seven years after the possessions were restored to the Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
January 1826: The Dutch ceded Tuticorn to the British in 1825.
February 1826: The British forces, led by General Sir Archibald Campbell, defeated the Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1826. As a result, Burma was compelled to cede the territories of Arakan, Manipur, Assam (former Ahom Kingdom), and Tenasserim to the British East India Company. The British evacuated the remnant Burmese territories.
February 1826: In 1826, the former territory of the Dimasa Kingdom was transferred to the British East India Company after the Yandabo Treaty. The last king, Govinda Chandra Hasnu, was reinstated by the British following the treaty.
February 1826: After the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War, the British allowed the Jaintia king only to rule north of the Surma River.
January 1830: The Mayurbhanj State became a British protectorate in 1829.
January 1834: Khairagarh State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. Khairagarh town in Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh was the capital of the state and the see of the Raja's residence.
March 1835: The Jaintias kidnapped four British men in 1832. Three were sacrificed in the Great Hindu temple in Faljur, with one escaping and informing the British authorities of the atrocities. After the Jaintia Raja declined to find the culprits, the British finally conquered the Jaintia Kingdom and annexed on 15 March 1835.
January 1839: Maharaja Madan Singh was the first ruler of independent Jhalawar, who died in 1845. His successor's adopted son, Zalim Singh, took over as chief of Jhalawar in 1875. Jhalawar was a princely state in India, located in the present-day state of Rajasthan.
January 1840: Serampore was sold to the British in 1839.
January 1840: The Khanate of Kalat became a self-governing state in a subsidiary alliance with British India.
January 1841: Govindrao II, its last ruler of the Jalaun State, died without issue in 1840 and the state was annexed by the British in the same year.
January 1843: In 1842, Mohammadgarh State was established in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. The territory was created from parts of Basoda and Kurwai states when Ahsanullah Khan, the Nawab of Basoda, divided his state between his two sons, Bakaulla and Muhammad Khan.
November 1845: Belasore in continental Danish India is sold to the British East India Company.
January 1847: In 1846, after the First Anglo-Sikh War, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was established from territories that were previously part of the Sikh Empire. This marked the beginning of the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh and the Dogra dynasty in the region.
January 1847: After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a prominent Sikh leader and military commander during the 18th century.
January 1847: As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War (1846), the area between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers, including the hill states, were ceded by the Sikhs to the British East India Company. Thus, Lambagraon estate was annexed by the British and was one of the feudatory estates placed under the Simla Hill States' Superintendency.
January 1847: Following the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) and the Treaty of Amritsar (1846), Gulab Singh was proclaimed the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, acquiring all the lands between the Ravi River and the Indus. Jasrota became part of his empire and got established as one of the five districts of the Jammu province.
January 1849: The Sambalpur State was annexed by the British East India Company.
January 1850: Jaitpur State was disbanded in 1849 after the childless death of Raja Khet Singh and incorporated into the Hamirpur district of the British East India Company.
January 1850: The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force. The state was in abeyance from 1878 to 1915, during which time it was under British control.
January 1851: Kalsia State signs a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire.
January 1851: In 1850, parts of the Khanate of Kalat were leased or ceded to form the province of British Baluchistan. This territory later became a Chief Commissioners province under British rule.
January 1856: The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1825-1855), died without issue, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse.
February 1856: On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed, and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.
January 1858: The Jhansi State was annexed after the indian revolt of 1857.
August 1858: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria.
January 1859: After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857-1858, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858.
January 1859: Amb State officially founded in 1858 by British government recognition.
January 1860: Annexation of Tulsipur by British India.
January 1861: In 1860 some parts of western Terai, known as Naya Muluk ("new country") were restored to Nepal.
January 1866: The chiefs of Chhuikhadan were originally under the Bhonsles of Nagpur, the first Chief being Mahant Rup Das in 1750. However, after defeat of Marathas, they were recognized by British as feudatory chiefs in 1865 conferring the title and sanad to Mahant Laxman Das.
January 1870: In 1869 the Nicobar Islands were made part of British India.
October 1879: British submission of Khonoma and the Naga Hills.
January 1891: In December 1890 the British government took over Makrai State under the doctrine of lapse owing to bad administration.
January 1893: The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to British Burma in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the British government.
October 1894: Final Boundary Treaty for the Siam-Burma border between Thailand and Britain.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: Boundary treaty between Great Britain and China in 1894.
January 1896: Due to the remoteness of the relatively inaccessible mountain country, Mizoram remained outside the focus of world politics for a long time and the population lived in small tribal communities without forming larger state associations. After the Chin-Lushai Expedition, the Mizo tribes submitted completely. The Mizo Hills formally became part of British India in 1895.
February 1897: After China relinquished jurisdiction, Kokang came under British protection.
January 1902: Dir was a small Muslim princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India within the Northwest Frontier Province.
July 1914: Britain and independent Tibet signed an agreement (Simla Agreement) in 1913 to settle their border issues.
January 1938: The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution.
August 1949: Indo-Bhutan Treaty. Under this agreement, India returned the land around Deothang to Bhutan. The region had been lost by Bhutan after the 1865 Anglo-Bhutanese War.
May 1950: Chandernagore (Chandernagor) is transferred from France to India (ratified 11 Apr 1952).
June 1954: Yanaon is taken by Indian military police.
July 1954: Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
November 1954: Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal) transferred to india de facto.
August 1961: Formally annexed by India on 11 August 1961 as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
May 1975: After disarming the palace, a referendum on the monarchy was held, in which the Sikkimese people overwhelmingly voted to abolish the monarchy, and the new parliament of Sikkim, led by Kazi Lhendup Dorjee, proposed a bill for Sikkim to become an Indian state, which was promptly accepted by the Government of India.
Selected Sources
De Leon, D. (1886): The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 103-139
Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 2 retrieved on https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/
Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 125 retrieved on https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/
Indian independence Act. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf
Israel, J. I. (1995): The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, Clarendon Press, pp. 959-960
Stephen, S. J. (2008): The Indian Trade at the Asian Frontier, New Delhi (India), p. 123
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.235-237
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.185
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.551
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