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The cluster includes all the forms of the country. South an North Korea are covered by different clusters.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Goryeo
Goryeo (Mongol Empire)
Goryeo (Yuan vassal)
Joseon dynasty
Joseon (Chinese Protectorate)
Korean Empire
Korean Empire (Japan)
Establishment
January 902: Silla, after nearly a millennium as a centralized kingdom, was quickly declining, and Gung Ye instigated his own rebellion and absorbed Wang Geon's forces at Songak. In 898, He set up the capital in Songak and eventually defeated Yang Gil and other local lords in central Korea to proclaim himself king in 901. The state's initial name was Goryeo.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near the present-day border between China and North Korea.
1.1.First conflict in the Goryeo-Khitan War
Was a 10th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea.
January 994: In 993, the Khitan invaded Goryeo's northwest border with an army that the Liao commander claimed to number 800,000. They forced Goryeo to end its tributary relations with the Song dynasty, to become a Liao tributary state and to adopt Liao's calendar.
February 994: In 993, the Khitan invaded Goryeo's northwest border with an army that the Liao commander claimed to number 800,000. They forced Goryeo to end its tributary relations with the Song dynasty, to become a Liao tributary state and to adopt Liao's calendar.
1.2.Second conflict in the Goryeo-Khitan War
Was an 11th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea.
January 1011: The Khitans (the Liao Dynasty) sacked the Goryeo capital Kaesong.
February 1011: The Khitans (the Liao Dynasty) left the Goryeo capital Kaesong.
1.3.Third conflict in the Goryeo-Khitan War
Was an 11th-century conflict between the Goryeo dynasty of Korea and the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China near what is now the border between China and North Korea.
January 1019: The Khitans launched an invasion of Korea with a 100,000 strong army, but the army was crushed by general Gang Gamchan at the Great Battle of Guiju. Thus, Goryeo expanded its territory to the north as far as the Yalu River basin.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
2.1.Conquest of Jin China
Was the Mongol conquest of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China.
2.1.1.Conquest of Eastern Xia
Was the Mongol conquest of Western Xia.
January 1217: In 1217, due to the Mongol Invasions, Eastern Xia ruler Puxian Wannu left the area of Liaoning. He relocated to northeast Manchuria along the border with Korea.
2.2.Invasions of Korea
A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The last campaign made Goryeo a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.
2.2.1.First Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the first of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
October 1231: Kuju is besieged by the Mongols.
January 1232: In 1231, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, captured the territory of Anju. This conquest was part of the Mongol Empire's expansion into the Korean Peninsula and China, solidifying their control over the region.
January 1232: In 1231, Ögedei Khan ordered the invasion of Korea. The Mongol army crossed the Yalu river and quickly secured the surrender of the border town of Uiju.
February 1232: The Mongols were forced to retreat from Kuju.
June 1232: Mongol General Saritai began withdrawing his main force from Korea in the spring of 1232.
2.2.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the second of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
December 1232: The Mongols occupied much of northern Korea.
December 1232: The Mongol general there, Saritai, was killed by the monk Kim Yun-hu amidst strong civilian resistance at the Battle of Cheoin near Yongin, forcing the Mongols to withdraw from Korea.
2.2.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the third of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongols began a campaign that ravaged parts of Gyeongsang and Jeolla Provinces. Civilian resistance was strong, and the Royal Court at Ganghwa attempted to strengthen its fortress
February 1236: In 1238, Goryeo sued the Mongols for peace. The Mongols withdrew from Korea, in exchange for Goryeo's agreement to send the Royal Family as hostages.
2.2.4.Fourth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fourth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
January 1248: In 1247, the Mongols, led by Güyük Khan, launched their fourth campaign on the Korean Peninsula, capturing the entire Peninsula except for Ganghwa island and mountain forts.
February 1248: After Güyük Khan's death in 1248, the Mongols retreated from Korea.
2.2.5.Fifth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the fifth of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire.
August 1253: Military campaign in Korea led by Mongol Empire's general Bayan.
September 1253: The Mongols agreed to a cease fire with Goryeo in January 1254 and left Korea.
2.2.6.Sixth Mongol Invasion of Korea
Was the last of a series of military invasion of Korea by the Mongol Empire, and the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea finally became a vassal of Mongols.
January 1255: The Mongols under Jalairtai launched a devastating invasion of Korea.
February 1255: The Mongols leave Korea.
January 1260: The Korean kingdom of Goryeo capitulated in 1259 and became a vassal.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
3.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
3.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
Were a series of military campaigns by Japan against the Joseon Dynasty of Korea.
May 1592: Siege of Busanjin.
May 1592: Battle of Dadaejin.
May 1592: In the morning the Japanese First Division arrived at Dongnae eupseong.
May 1592: Japanese forces Captured the Miryang castle.
May 1592: Konishi Yukinaga, a Japanese daimyo and military commander, led the invasion of Korea in 1592. He captured Miryang, a strategic location, before advancing to Taegu, another important city in the region.
May 1592: Joseon conquest of Gimhae castle.
May 1592: The Japanese Second Division took the abandoned city of Tongdo.
May 1592: The Japanese captured Gyeongju on May 30.
June 1592: During the Imjin War in 1592, the Third Division of the Japanese military captured the Korean territories of Unsan, Changnyong, Hyonpung, and Songju. This was part of Japan's military occupation of Korea during this period.
June 1592: Battle of Sangju.
June 1592: Battle of Chungju.
June 1592: Japanese forces captured Hanseong.
July 1592: Battle of Imjin River.
July 1592: The japanese First and Third Divisions entered the deserted city of Pyongyang.
November 1592: Jinju is besieged by Japan.
December 1592: Jinju is besieged by the Joseon dynasty.
July 1593: Jinju is besieged by Japan.
4.1.Jeolla Campaign
Was a Japanese military campaign in Heolla (southwest Korea) during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598).
July 1592: The Sixth Division, led by Japanese general Kobayakawa Takakage, marched through Geumsan in 1592 during the Japanese invasion of Korea. Kobayakawa secured the territory as part of Japan's military occupation of the region.
July 1592: The Japanese began their march to Uiryong at Changwon, and arrived at the Nam River.
August 1592: Battle of Ichi: The Koreans won this battle and stopped the Japanese army from advancing to the Jeolla province.
September 1592: Battle of Ichi: The Koreans won this battle and stopped the Japanese army from advancing to the Jeolla province.
4.2.First Geumsan Campaign
Was a Japanese military campaign in Geumsan (southwest Korea) during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598).
July 1592: Korean forces fought with a Japanese army retreating to Geumsan.
4.3.Gangwon campaign
Was a Japanese military campaign during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598). The Japanese army conquered large territories of central and eastern Korea.
August 1592: The Japanese captured a series of fortresses along the eastern coast from Anbyon to Samcheok.
November 1592: The Japanese turned inward to capture Jeongseon, Yeongwol, and Pyeongchang, and settled down at the provincial capital of Wonju.
November 1592: The Japanese finished the campaign by securing Chuncheon.
4.4.Hamgyong campaign
Was a Japanese military campaign during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598). The Japanese army conquered large territories of northern and eastern Korea.
August 1592: In 1592, Japanese forces led by the famous warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi crossed the Korean peninsula to Anbyon County. During their ten-day march, they captured several castles, including the strategic city of Hamhung.
August 1592: In 1592, a battle took place at Songjin between the southern and northern Hamgyong armies led by Yi Yong. The territory of Kimchaek was under Japanese military occupation at the time.
August 1592: Japanese troops easily captured Kilju County, Myongchon County, and Kyongsong County.
4.5.Chinese Intervention on the side of Korea
Was a counterattack by Korean forces with the support of Ming China against the Japanese invading army during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598).
February 1593: Siege of Newcastle.
February 1593: The Koreans retook Gaeseong.
February 1593: Provinces of Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangweon conquered by Joseon dynasty.
March 1593: Battle of Haengju.
March 1593: Japanese adn Korean forces remained at a stalemate between the Kaesong to Hanseong line for the next couple of months.
4.6.Truce between China and Japan
Was a truce between Korea (backed by Ming China) and Japan during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598). The Japanese army retreated to the area around Busan (the southeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula).
May 1594: By end of May 1594, all the Japanese soldiers had retreated to the area around Busan and many began to make their way back to Japan.
4.7.Japan's second invasion of Korea (1597)
Japan started a second military campaign to conquer Korea in 1597.
August 1597: Battle of Chilcheollyang.
September 1597: Siege of Namwon.
October 1597: Battle of Hwangseoksan.
October 1597: Battle of Jiksan.
November 1597: Battle of Jiksan.
February 1598: Ulsan is besieged by Japan.
November 1598: Siege of Suncheon.
November 1598: Battle of Sacheon.
December 1598: After the death of the Japanese daimyō Hideyoshi on September 18, 1598, the Council of Five Elders, in late October, issued orders for the withdrawal of all forces from Korea. Konishi, Shimazu, Katō Kiyomasa and other Japanese generals of the Left Army congregated in Pusan and withdrew to Japan on December 21.
December 1598: The last japanese ships sailed to Japan bringing an end to seven years of war in Korea.
Was a a conflict that saw the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dinasty in China. The Qing created an indpendent domain in Manchuria, revolted against the Ming and systematically conquered all Ming territories in the following decades.
5.1.Later Jin invasion of Joseon
Was the invasion of Korea by the Later Jin Dynasty (precursor of the Qing Dynasty).
January 1627: The Jurchen army, led by Nurhaci, advanced into Uiju in 1627 during the Later Jin military occupation.
January 1627: The Neunghan Fortress, located in present-day South Korea, fell on 21 January 1627 during the Later Jin military occupation.
January 1627: In 1627, the Jurchens, led by Nurhaci, attacked Anju, a territory that was under the Later Jin military occupation. Facing certain defeat, the Anju garrisons chose to commit suicide by blowing up their gunpowder storehouse.
March 1627: The Jin army crossed the Taedong River.
March 1627: Pyongyang fell without a fight in 1627 to the Later Jin dynasty, led by the military leader Nurhaci.
March 1627: In 1627, the Jurchen, led by Nurhaci, advanced into Hwangju, which was part of the Joseon Dynasty.
April 1627: After a peace agreement with the Joseon Dynasty, The Jin army withdrew to Mukden, ending the three-month-long invasion of Korea.
5.2.Qing invasion of Joseon
Was the invasion of Korea by Qing China.
December 1636: In 1636, during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Hanseong's garrisons, led by Korean military leader Gwon Yul, were defeated by the Qing Dynasty forces. The city was subsequently taken by the Qing Dynasty, marking a significant event in Korean history.
January 1637: Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island on 27 January.
January 1637: The Qing Dynasty Captured the second son and consorts of Korean King Injo. He surrendered the day after.
January 1637: In 1637, during the Joseon-Ming War, the Ming general Yang Sichang withdrew the remaining Ming forces from Korea to Denglai in northern Shandong.
Was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire against Joseon Korea in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries.
October 1866: In 1866, a group of 170 French Naval Fusiliers, led by Admiral Roze, landed on Ganghwa Island in Korea. They seized the fortress controlling the Han River and occupied the city of Ganghwa.
November 1866: With winter approaching and the Korean forces growing stronger, the French evacuated Ganghwa Island.
Was a military expedition by the United States in Korea that took place predominantly on and around Ganghwa Island in 1871.
June 1871: On June 10, the Americans attacked the lightly defended Choji Garrison on Ganghwa, along the Salee River. The Koreans were armed with severely outdated weapons, such as matchlock muskets but with cannons.
June 1871: In 1871, during the Shinmiyangyo (U.S. expedition to Korea), American troops led by Admiral Rodgers and General Foulke reached Deokjin Fort, which had been abandoned by Korean forces. This marked a significant moment in the military occupation of the area by the United States.
June 1871: In 1871, during the United States expedition to Korea, sailors and Marines dismantled the fortress at Gwangseong Garrison. This action was part of the military occupation of the area led by Rear Admiral John Rodgers and General Frederick Townsend Ward.
July 1871: The United States Asiatic Squadron stayed at anchorage off Jakyak Island until July 3, when they left Korea.
Was an armed rebellion in Korea led by peasants and followers of the Donghak religion.
8.1.First Revolt of the Gwanseo Peasant War (1811-1812)
Was the first revolt by peasants and followers of the Donghak religion.
March 1894: The 4,000 rebels of Mujang turned towards Mount Baek, Gobu.
April 1894: The rebels occupied Taein.
April 1894: Buan conquered by Donghak Rebels.
April 1894: Donghak Rebels occupied Jeonju.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
9.1.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
9.1.1.First Sino-Japanese War
Was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.
9.1.1.1.Invasion of Korea
Was the Japanese invasion of Korea during the First Sino-Japanese War.
June 1894: First of about 4,000 Japanese soldiers and 500 marines land at Jemulpo (Incheon).
July 1894: In 1894, Japanese troops led by General Yasumasa Fukushima occupied Seoul during the First Sino-Japanese War. This military occupation marked the beginning of Japan's increasing influence and control over Korea.
July 1894: Battle of Seonghwan.
September 1894: Battle of Pyongyang (1894).
October 1894: The city of Antung, the regional capital, was occupied the following day without any resistance and placed under Japanese civil administration.
Was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire over the control of Manchuria and Korea.
10.1.Occupation of Korea
Was the Japanese occupation of Korea during the Russo-Japanese War.
March 1904: Japanese landing near Incheon in Korea.
January 1905: From Incheon the Japanese occupied Hanseong.
November 1905: The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 was signed between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Negotiations were concluded on November 17, 1905. The treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and made Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan.
January 905: Gung Ye changed the state of Goryeo's name to Majin in 904.
January 919: In 918, Gung Ye was deposed by his own generals, and Wang Geon was raised to the throne. Wang Geon, who would posthumously be known by his temple name of Taejo or "Grand Progenitor", changed the name of his kingdom back to "Goryeo".
January 936: Its last king, Gyeongsun, ruled over the state in name only and submitted to Wang Geon of the emerging Goryeo in 935, bringing the Silla dynasty to an end.
January 937: Later Baekje fell to Wang Geon's Goryeo army in 936.
January 994: First conflict in the Goryeo-Khitan War: Liao gave Goryeo permission to incorporate the land between the border of Liao and that of Goryeo, which was occupied by Jurchen tribes that were troublesome to Liao, up to the Yalu River.
January 1001: Extension of the Liao Dynasty by the year 1000.
January 1357: In 1356, Goryeo briefly conquered Liaoyang.
January 1357: Independence of Korea was regained during the reign of Gongmin in the mid 14th century.
February 1357: Goryeo leaves Liaoyang after a brief occupation.
January 1371: The Mongols retreated to Karakorum after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they carried on calling themselves the Great Yuan, known retroactively as the Northern Yuan.
July 1392: In 1388, King U (son of King Gongmin and a concubine) and general Choe Yeong planned a campaign to invade present-day Liaoning of China. King U put the general Yi Seong-gye (later Taejo) in charge, but he stopped at the border and rebelled. Goryeo fell to General Yi Seong-gye, a son of Yi Ja-chun, who put to death the last three Goryeo kings, usurped the throne and established in 1392 the Joseon dynasty.
January 1405: Tamna was conquered and officially annexed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404.
January 1451: The border between China and Korea on the Yalu-Tumen rivers appears to have been in place by the mid 15th century.
January 1883: Joseon was a tributary of the Qing dynasty since the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1637 but the Qing dynasty did not exercise significant influence until the Qing dynasty established the China-Korea Treaty of 1882.
October 1897: Establishment of the Korean Empire.
August 1910: In 1910 Korea was fully annexed by the Japanese Empire.
Disestablishment
August 1910: In 1910 Korea was fully annexed by the Japanese Empire.
Selected Sources
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
Seonjo Revised Annals April, 26th year of King Seonjo (『宣祖修正実録』宣祖26年4月条)
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