If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Almoravid Caliphate
Almohad Caliphate
Marinid Dynasty
Wattasid Dynasty
Saadi dynasty
Sultanate of Morocco
French Morocco
Sultanate of Morocco (France)
French Morocco (Vichy France)
Kingdom of Morocco
Establishment
January 1020: The Emirate of Nekor was conquered in 1019 by Almoravid Azdâji Ya'la ibn Futuh.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Caliphate disintegrated in the early 11th century during the Fitna of al-Andalus, a civil war between the descendants of caliph Hisham II and the successors of his hajib (court official), Al-Mansur, leading to the establishment of a multitude of independent Muslim kingdoms (taifas).
January 1032: With the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 23 taifas, sveral of its territories were acquired by its neighbours.
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
January 1110: The Almoravids capture Talavera in western Toledo after a month-long siege.
January 1110: The Almoravids seized several important southern plazas: Talavera de la Reina, Madrid and Guadalajara.
January 1111: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1110.
January 1111: Conquest of Juslibol.
January 1112: The Almoravids under Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém and also take Zaragoza.
January 1112: Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal, recaptures Santarém.
January 1119: Conquest of Belchite.
January 1119: Conquest of Jarque.
January 1119: Conquest of Aliaga.
January 1119: Conquest of Alcala.
January 1119: Alfonso I of Aragon conquers Zaragoza from the Almoravids.
January 1120: Conquest of Aliaga.
January 1120: Alcaniz is occupied by the Christian troops of Alfonso I of Aragon in 1119.
January 1120: Conquest of Fuentes.
January 1120: Conquest of Carinena.
July 1120: Conquest of Cutanda.
January 1121: Conquest of Calatayud.
January 1121: Conquest of Torrelacarcel.
January 1121: Conquest of Daroca.
January 1121: Alcaniz was taken back by the Moors.
January 1121: Conquest of Cella.
January 1122: Conquest of Cella.
January 1123: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1122.
January 1132: Almoravid Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin captures the castle of Aceca south of Toledo.
January 1134: Conquest of Mequinonensa.
January 1135: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1134.
January 1136: The Moors occupied the area of Leiria until it was re-captured by the first King of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1135.
January 1137: Mequinenza on the Ebro is recaptured by the Moors.
July 1140: In 1140, the Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, successfully recaptured the city of Leiria from the Moors during the Reconquista.
January 1141: In 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of Leiria.
January 1143: The city and castle of Leiria were reconquered by King Afonso I of Portugal from the Moors.
January 1148: Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez IV of Navarre conquer Andújar and Baeza.
February 1148: The Taifa of Almería fell under the control of the Almohads.
January 1149: In 1148, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, conquered Tortosa.
January 1152: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1152.
January 1159: In 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by the Portuguese.
January 1159: Alcaniz conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
January 1159: King Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal.
January 1160: The Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, conquered the cities of Évora and Beja from the Moors.
January 1160: In 1159 it seems that Alfonso I of Portugal conquered, but soon after abandoned, the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1161: The Portuguese abandoned the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1163: In a few months Portuguese troops completed, the conquest of almost the entire Alentejo region in southern Portugal: Beja, Evora, Serpa, the castle of Juromenha (near Alandroal) and then north -east, Cáceres and Trujillo, in present-day Spain.
January 1163: In 1162, Alfonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso I, conquered Beja.
January 1170: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
January 1170: Conquest of Valderrobles.
January 1170: Conquest of Cantavieja.
January 1170: Conquest of Teruel.
January 1171: Conquest of Teruel.
January 1171: Conquest of Cella.
November 1171: Conquest of Teruel.
January 1172: Conquest of Mora de Rubielos.
January 1173: All of Muslim Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.
January 1175: Conquest of Alfambra.
January 1178: Alfonso VIII of Castile takes Cuenca.
January 1181: Conquest of Olocau del Rey.
January 1182: Conquest of Mosqueruela.
January 1190: In 1189 the Portuguese occupied Silves.
January 1193: In 1192 the Portuguese lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads.
January 1195: Conquest of Chelva.
July 1195: Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195).
July 1195: At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, the Castilians were defeated by the caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur. The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first.
January 1197: Conquests of Alfonso / Alfonso II of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1196.
January 1211: The Muslim fortress of Al-Dāmūs in Ademuz was conquered by Peter II of Aragon in 1210, with the aid of the hospitalier and templar knights. Peter II of Aragon was the King of Aragon from 1196 until his death in 1213. The hospitalier and templar knights were military orders that played a significant role in the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1213: The Portuguese conquer Alcácer do Sal again.
January 1213: In 1212, the Kingdom of Castile, led by King Alfonso VIII, captured the fortresses of Calatrava, Alarcos, and Benavente before facing the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa against the Almohad Caliphate on July 16th.
January 1214: Conquests of Pedro/Pere II of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1213.
January 1215: Conquest of Chelva.
January 1217: Ademuz fell back into Muslim hands.
January 1229: James I conquers Mallorca, Jerica and Murviedro-Sagunto.
January 1230: Elvas conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
January 1230: Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the Guadiana River and conquers Mérida and Badajoz.
January 1230: Conquest of Mallorca.
January 1232: Cazorla conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1233: Ibiza and Jaén finally fall into Christian hands.
January 1233: Moura conquered by the Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1234: Ubeda conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
September 1235: Conquest of Elvissa.
January 1236: Conquests of Jaime / Jaume I during the Reconquista by 1235.
January 1237: Ferdinand III of Castile took Cordova in 1236.
January 1237: The Portuguese conquer most of the Algarve.
January 1239: In 1238, Niebla-Huelva was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, not Leon as previously stated. This marked the territory's transfer to the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.
January 1239: Niebla and Huelva conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1239: James I of Aragon conquered Valencia, Albarracín, Alpuente and Tortosa from the Moors.
January 1241: Ecija and Lucena conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1241: Conquest of Calp.
January 1244: Orihuela conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1245: Conquest of Ontinyent.
January 1245: Conquest of Gandia.
January 1246: Conquest of Benidorm.
January 1247: In 1246, Carmona, a strategic town in Andalusia, fell to the Christians of the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.
January 1247: The Kingdom of Castile captured the Spanish provinces of Jaén and Arjona by King Ferdinand III of Castile.
December 1248: Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248.
December 1248: Seville conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1249: Alicante conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1250: Faro conquered by Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1250: The region of Algarve was invaded by the Moors.
January 1251: Between 1249 and 1250 the Algarve was reconquered from the Moors.
January 1257: Conquest of Alcoi.
January 1270: In 1269, the Almohad Caliphate fell to the Kingdom of Aragon during the Reconquista. This marked a significant victory for King James I of Aragon, who led the Christian forces in reclaiming territory from Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista continued until 1270, with the Kingdom of Aragon making further gains in the region.
January 1270: In 1269, the Almohad Caliphate fell to the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista. This marked a significant victory for King Alfonso X of Castile, who continued to push southward, reclaiming territories from Muslim rule until 1270.
January 1273: Faro is conquered by the Portuguese under Alfonso III.
January 1330: Ronda conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1334: The Marinids conquered Gibraltar.
October 1340: Defeat of the Merinids at the Battle of Tarifa in 1340. The Marinids loose all possessions in the Iberian Peninsula but Algesiras.
January 1345: The loss of Algeciras in 1344 to the Castilians marked the end of the dynasty's Iberian ambitions.
January 1372: Territorial change based on available maps.
2.1.Conquests of Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Expansion during the rule of Yusuf ibn Tashfin in the Almoravid Caliphate.
January 1076: The Taifa of Segorbe falls to the Almoravids.
January 1077: In 1076, the Almoravid Caliphate occupied the Ghana Empire.
January 1081: Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin brought the large area of what is now known as Morocco, Western Sahara, and Mauritania into complete subjection.
January 1085: The Taifa of Ceuta was conquered by the Almoravid Empire.
January 1091: In 1090, the Taifa of Málaga was conquered by the Islamic Almoravid dynasty.
January 1091: Taifa of Grenada conquered by the Almoravids in 1090.
January 1092: The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty from North Africa, took Niebla in 1091.
January 1092: The Taifa of Lorca falls to the Almoravids.
January 1092: Death of the last king of Seville Al-Mu'tamid and defeat of Seville by Almoravid troops.
January 1092: The Taifa of Almería was annexed to the Almoravid empire.
January 1093: Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto conquered by the almoravids.
December 1094: The Taifa of Badajoz fell to the Almoravids.
December 1094: The Christians lost Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém when Raymond of Burgundy, responsible for defending these cities, was defeated by the Almoravid army that had taken Badajoz shortly before.
January 1101: With the turn of the century, the Taifa of Tortosa became dependent on the Almoravids .
January 1102: The Taifa of Arcos fell to the Almoravids.
June 1102: In 1102, Alfonso VI of León and Castile sent troops to help Valencia against the Almoravid threat. The battle took place in Cullera and ended without a clear winner, although Valencia fell in Almoravid hands because for Alfonso, it was too expensive to defend this city.
January 1103: Valencia was taken over by the Almoravid Caliphate.
May 1104: The Taifa of Albarracín disappeared in April 1104 with its conquest by the Almoravids.
2.2.Battle of Uclés
The Battle of Uclés was fought on 29 May 1108 during the Reconquista period near Uclés just south of the river Tagus between the Christian forces of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and the forces of the Muslim Almoravids under Tamim ibn-Yusuf. The battle was a disaster for the Christians and many of the high nobility of León, including seven counts, died in the fray or were beheaded afterwards, while the heir-apparent, Sancho Alfónsez, was murdered by villagers while trying to flee.
May 1108: Battle of Uclés.
2.3.Establishment of Portugal
After the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared King of Portugal.
July 1139: After triumphing in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, Portuguese count Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal by his troops.
Was the revolt of Galicia led by Theresa, countess of Portugal, against her sister, Queen Urraca of León and Castile.
January 1110: Theresa, Countess of Portugal, and her husband Henry of Burgundy, rebelled against her half-sister Queen Urraca of León.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
4.1.1113-15 Balearic Islands expedition
An expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim Taifa (principality), was launched in the form of a Crusade.
January 1117: The Almoravids coming from the Iberian peninsula reconquered the Balearic Islands in 1116.
Were the conquests of Abd al-Mu'min, founder of the Moroccan Almohad Caliphate.
January 1146: The Taifa of Jerez was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1146: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1145.
January 1146: The Almohads pursue the Almoravid Tachfin Ben Ali to Oran where he is killed. Oran, Tlemcen, Oujda and Meknes then fell, as did Fez, whose Almoravid garrison was massacred. Salé and Ceuta submit.
January 1146: In 1145, the Taifa of Granada was annexed by the Almohad Caliphate, a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled over North Africa and Southern Spain.
January 1146: Taifa of Arcos conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1146: The Taifa of Jaén fell to the Almohads.
January 1148: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1147.
January 1151: The Taifa of Beja and Évora is acquired by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1151: The Taifa of Badajoz fell again to the Almohads.
January 1151: Taifa of Niebla fell to the Almohad caliphate.
January 1151: The Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos was conquered by the Almohads.
January 1151: Taifa of Tejada conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1151: Taifa of Silves conquered by the Almohads.
January 1151: The Taifa of Tavira is absorbed by the Almohads.
January 1152: Taifa of Mértola conquered by the Almohads.
January 1153: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1152.
January 1153: Under Abd al-Mumin, the Almohads conquered the Hammadid central Maghreb.
January 1153: In 1152 the last Zirids in Algeria were superseded by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1154: Fall of the Taifa of Malaga by the hands of the Almohads.
January 1158: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1160.
5.1.Almohad conquest of Norman Africa
Was the invasion of Norman Africa by the Almohads, which put an end to the presence of the Normans in the region.
January 1159: In 1158, the Almohad Caliphate conquered all of Norman Africa except for Mahdia.
August 1159: Mahdia was under Almohad siege from late in the summer of 1159.
February 1160: In January 1160 the last Sicilian stronghold in Africa, Mahdia, was breached by the Almohads and ʿAbd al-Muʾmin gave its remaining Christians and Jews the option of Islam or death.
The King of Sicily Roger II conquered large amounts of territories in North Africa in a series of military campaigns.
January 1153: In 1152, a fleet under Philip of Mahdia was sent to conquer Bône.
The Conquest of Melilla occurred in September 1497, when a fleet sent by the Duke of Medina Sidonia (the precise involvement of the Catholic Monarchs in the operation is disputed in historiography) seized the north African city of Melilla.
October 1497: The Conquest of Melilla occurred in September 1497, when a fleet sent by the Duke of Medina Sidonia (the precise involvement of the Catholic Monarchs in the operation is a moot point in historiography) seized the north African city of Melilla.
Expansion during the rule of Mohammed ash-Sheikh of the Saadi dynasty.
January 1510: Establishment of the Saadian Principality in Tagmadert.
January 1512: Saadians capture Rabat.
January 1525: The Saadian dynasty, led by Sultan Mohammed al-Sheikh, took control of Marrakesh in 1524, establishing their rule in the region. This marked the beginning of their rise to power in Morocco, eventually leading to the unification of the country under their rule.
January 1528: The Wattasids were a Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco. The Saadi dynasty, led by Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh, emerged as a powerful force in the region. The Treaty of Tadla solidified the Saadian rule over southern Morocco in 1527.
January 1542: In 1541, the Portuguese fortress of Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué in Agadir was captured by the Saadi dynasty.
January 1542: In 1541, the Saadian dynasty, led by Sultan Ahmad al-Araj, captured the city of Safi in Morocco.
January 1543: In 1542, Hasan Hâsim, a prominent leader of the Saadi dynasty, captured the city of Tetuan.
November 1554: Mohammed ech-Sheikh was the ruler of the Saadi dynasty, who took over Fez in 1554. He successfully reunified Morocco and established his capital in Marrakech, solidifying his control over the region.
January 1555: Wattasid dynasty conquered by Saadi dynasty.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
February 1554: Sultan Abū Hasūn `Ali was the ruler of Fez who fled to Europe in 1550. The Pasha of Algiers supported him with an army to reclaim Fez from the Saadians. In January 1554, the Ottoman Empire, led by Abu Hassoun, successfully occupied Fez.
January 1555: Ali Abu Hassun, new Wattasid ruler of Morocco in 1554, then gave the Peñón to Ottoman troops who had assisted him in gaining the throne.
Was the French conquest of Algeria. It begun with the French sizing Algiers and other coastal territories of Algeria in 1830. Due to the Algerian resistance, France had slowly to conquer the interior of Algeria over the next 100 years.
January 1832: The greater part of the beylik of Oran falls under the control of the sultan of Morocco, Moulay Abderrahmane, who holds Tlemcen and Mascara and is recognized by the Arab tribes.
February 1836: In January 1836, French General Bertrand Clauzel led an expedition against Tlemcen, a city in northern Algeria. The expedition resulted in the capture of Tlemcen, further expanding French control in the region during the colonization of Algeria.
December 1847: Surrender of Emir Abdelkader.
December 1847: In 1847, the Emir Abdelkader surrendered to the French forces in the Emirate of Abdelkader, which was located in present-day Algeria. This event marked the end of Abdelkader's resistance against French colonization in North Africa.
December 1870: Expansion of French Algeria by 1870.
December 1900: Expansion of French Algeria by 1900.
December 1930: Expansion of French Algeria by 1930.
December 1934: Expansion of French Algeria by 1934.
Was a war between France and Morocco which was indirectly caused by the French conquest of Algeria.
August 1844: In 1844, the French military, led by Duquesne and Bouet, took control of Mogador island, located in present-day Morocco. The occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its influence in North Africa during the 19th century.
August 1844: In 1844, French troops led by General Bugeaud successfully invaded Mogador, a city in present-day Morocco. The military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its colonial empire in North Africa. The 600 troops were able to enter the harbour and city of Mogador, establishing French control over the territory.
September 1844: In 1844, the French forces, led by General Bugeaud, evacuated Mogador (now Essaouira) after signing the Treaty of Tangiers with Sultan Abd al-Rahman of the Sultanate of Morocco. This marked the end of French occupation in the region.
Was a war between Spain and Morocco that began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta.
February 1860: In 1860, Spanish forces led by General Leopoldo O'Donnell entered Tetuán, ending the Battle of Tetuán and the Hispano-Moroccan War. This military occupation marked Spain's control over the city and surrounding territory.
April 1860: In 1860, after the Spanish-Moroccan War, General Leopoldo O'Donnell withdrew his troops from Tetuán once Morocco paid compensation. The funds were partially provided by the British, and the territory was returned to the Sultanate of Morocco.
April 1860: The Spanish possession of Sidi Ifni expanded its borders (before it was just the Santa Cruz settlement).
April 1860: The area of domain of Ceuta was increased.
By the Treaty of Fez of 1912, France imposed a protectorate over Morocco and spent the next two decades conquering the country.
December 1907: Oujda was occupied by French forces.
December 1907: French Expansion in Morocco by 1907.
January 1908: French conquest of Chaouïa.
December 1908: French Expansion in Morocco by 1908.
December 1909: French Expansion in Morocco by 1909.
December 1910: French Expansion in Morocco by 1910.
December 1911: French Expansion in Morocco by 1911.
March 1912: The Treaty of Fez, signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco under duress and French diplomat Eugène Regnault, established the French protectorate in Morocco.
December 1912: French Expansion in Morocco by 1912.
December 1913: French Expansion in Morocco by 1913.
December 1914: French Expansion in Morocco by 1914.
December 1915: French Expansion in Morocco by 1915.
December 1916: French Expansion in Morocco by 1916.
December 1917: French Expansion in Morocco by 1917.
December 1918: French Expansion in Morocco by 1918.
December 1919: French Expansion in Morocco by 1919.
13.1.Zaian War
Was a war fought between France and the Zaian Confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco.
June 1914: French General Paul Henry captured Taza.
13.1.1.Khenifra Conquest
Was the French conquest of Khenifra during the Zaian War.
June 1914: The town of Khenifra was found emptied of people. the French flag was raised.
13.1.2.1917 Offensive (Zaian War)
Was the French offensive of 1917 during the Zaian War.
June 1917: In preparation for a new offensive, Poeymirau established a French post at El Bekrit, within Zaian territory.
July 1917: French posts were established at Er-Rich, Midelt and Missour, in Morocco.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
14.1.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
July 1940: With the creation of Vichy France, initially all French colonies were aligned with Vichy.
14.2.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
14.2.1.Allied invasion of French North Africa
Was the Allied invasion of French North Africa during World War II.
14.2.1.1.Operation Torch
Was an Allied military operation to occupy French North Africa during World War II.
November 1942: Safi surrendered to the Allies on the afternoon of 8 November.
November 1942: The Americans surrounded the port of Casablanca by 10 November, and the city surrendered.
November 1942: U.S. forces land in Morocco and occupy Port-Lyautey on November 10.
November 1942: After talks with the allied, French Admiral Darlan’s orders all resistance of French forces against the Allied to cease. Morocco under Allied control.
Was a series of armed incursions into Spanish West Africa by Moroccan insurgents.
October 1957: Two villages on the outskirts of Sidi Ifni, Goulimine and Bou Izarguen, were occupied by 1,500 Moroccan soldiers.
February 1958: Morrocco invaded the north of Western Sahara up to Edchera.
February 1958: In 1958, Morocco invaded the northern region of Western Sahara up to Edchera. This military occupation was part of King Mohammed V's efforts to expand Moroccan territory and assert control over the region. The invasion sparked tensions with neighboring countries and led to ongoing conflicts over the sovereignty of Western Sahara.
February 1958: The 4th, 9th, and 13th Spanish Legion battalions, organised into a motorised group, drove the Moroccans from Edchera and advanced to Tafurdat and Smara.
February 1958: The Spanish army at El Aaiún, in conjunction with French forces from Fort Gouraud, struck the Moroccans on February 21, destroying Saharan Liberation Army concentrations between Bir Nazaran and Ausert.
March 1958: First to fall were the Moroccan mountain strongholds at Tan-Tan.
April 1958: The Treaty of Angra de Cintra, signed by Spain and Morocco on 1 April 1958, ended the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. Delivery to Morocco of Cabo Juby.
June 1958: The Moroccan Army of Liberation (which was not a part of the regular Moroccan army) declared a ceasefire, bringing to an end the Ifni War. The enclave of Sidi Ifni, which was surrounded by Moroccan territory, was not ceded. It was, however, greatly reduced in size, since its outlying regions, occupied by the Ait Ba Amran tribe were abandoned.
Was a border conflict between Algeria and Morocco.
September 1963: In 1963, during the Sand War between Morocco and Algeria, the Royal Moroccan Army, led by King Hassan II, crossed into Algeria and captured the border posts of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub. This military occupation escalated tensions between the two countries.
October 1963: The Algerian forces began to retaliate against the Moroccan advances, taking back the ports of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub.
Was a conflict of Marocco and Mauritania (until 1979) against the Sahrawi Indigenous Polisario Front that followed the Spanish withdrawal from Spanish Sahara. The Sahrawi indigenous Polisario Front established the Sahrawi Republic and engaged in a guerrilla warfare with Moroccan forces. Morocco did also build several walls in the region to consolidate its control. The conflict ended with a ceasefire in 1991 with most of former Spanish Sahara under Moroccan control.
17.1.Moroccan-Mauretanian Invasion
Was the occupation and partition of Spanish Sahara by Morocco and Mauritania after the withdrawal of the Spanish forces.
November 1975: Moroccan troops capture Smara.
December 1975: Laayoune conquered by morocco.
January 1976: The last Spanish troops leave Laâyoune while the Moroccan troops arrive in Dakhla.
January 1976: Mauritanian troops occupy Dakhla.
January 1976: At the beginning of 1976, Mauritania, under President Moktar Ould Daddah, controlled the southern third of Western Sahara, while Morocco, under King Hassan II, controlled the northern two thirds through military occupation. This division was a result of the Madrid Accords of 1975, which divided the territory between the two countries.
17.2.Algerian Intervention
Was the military invasion of Moroccan-held territories in Western Sahara by Algeria to support the Sahrawi indigenous Polisario Front.
January 1976: In January 1976, Algeria decided to participate in the conflict and advanced to Amgala, more than 300 km west of its border with Western Sahara.
January 1976: The First Battle of Amgala took place in 1976 when the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement, clashed with Moroccan forces in Amgala, Western Sahara. The territory was under Spanish control until 1976 when it was divided between Morocco and Mauritania, leading to ongoing conflict with the Sahrawi people seeking independence.
February 1976: Second Battle of Amgala.
17.3.Creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Was the establishment of the Sahrawi Republic in West Sahara by the Sahrawi indigenous Polisario Front.
September 1976: Haouza was a strategic location in Western Sahara, where the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement, clashed with Moroccan forces in 1976. The Polisario Front eventually gained control of Haouza, contributing to the territory's transfer to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
January 1979: Battle of Tan-Tan.
17.4.Mauretania leaves Western Sahara
Mauritania declared a unilateral ceasefire with the Sahrawi Republic and withdraw its troops form Western Sahara.
August 1979: In 1979, Mauritania declared a unilateral ceasefire against the Polisario Front because of the military putsch that overthrew former President Moktar Ould Daddah a year earlier. The Mauritanian forces handed over the occupied territories to Morocco.
August 1979: Situation in Mauretania at the end of the war.
August 1979: The Moroccans reconquered the Mauretanian occupied region in Western Sahara.
17.5.Construction of Moroccan Western Sahara Wall
Morocco built a series of walls in Western Sahara to secure its territorial occupation during the Western Sahara War.
July 1982: Moroccan authorities complete the construction of the first wall of Western Sahara.
February 1984: Moroccan authorities complete the construction of the second wall of Western Sahara.
June 1984: In 1984, the third wall of Western Sahara was completed, solidifying the de facto situation in the region.
February 1985: In 1985, the fourth wall was completed in Western Sahara, marking the de facto control of the territory by the Kingdom of Morocco.
October 1985: Completion of the fifth wall in Western Sahara by Morocco.
May 1987: Moroccan authorities complete the construction of the sixth wall of Western Sahara.
Was a conflict between Spain and Morocco that took place over the small, uninhabited Perejil Island.
July 2002: Relations between Spain and Morocco degenerated on July 11, 2002 when a group of six Moroccan soldiers landed on Perejil Island and set up an outpost.
July 2002: On July 18, at 6:21 a.m., Spain landed on the Perejil Island ("Operation Romeo-Sierra"). The attack was carried out by 28 Spanish commando units from the Grupos de operaciones especiales deployed by 6 helicopters from Alicante. The Spanish Navy and Air Force provided support. The Moroccans left the island.
Are ongoing clashes between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the disputed region of Western Sahara.
November 2020: Morocco secures Guerguerat border crossing.
January 1053: Foundation of the Almoravid Caliphate in the territories of the Lamtuna berber tribe.
January 1055: The emirate of Sijilmassa disappeared in the middle of the 11th century, following its annexation by the Almoravids.
January 1056: Aoudaghost conquered by Almoravid Caliphate.
January 1058: In 1057, the tribes of the Atlas Mountains were conquered by the Almoravid Caliphate, led by the Berber dynasty of Almoravids.
January 1059: The Barghawata Confederacy was annexed by the Almoravid Caliphate.
January 1088: The occupation of the Ghana Empire by the Almoravids lasted until 1087.
January 1107: Taifa of Alpuente conquered by the Almoravids.
January 1110: Conquest of Valls.
January 1111: Taifa of Zaragoza conquered by the Almoravids.
January 1111: Lérida appears to have fallen to the Almoravids that year.
January 1119: Conquest of Mont-Roig del Camp.
January 1119: Conquest of Terragona.
April 1122: Towards the end of Ramadan in late 1121, after a particularly moving sermon, reviewing his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument, Ibn Tumart 'revealed' himself as the true Mahdi. On the advice of one of his followers, Omar Hintati, a prominent chieftain of the Hintata, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave in 1122 and went up into the High Atlas, to organize the Almohad movement among the highland Masmuda tribes.
January 1125: Around 1124, Ibn Tumart erected the ribat of Tinmel, in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas, an impregnable fortified complex.
January 1142: The Wazirids establish an independent Taifa in Lisbon.
January 1144: The Taifa of Constantina and Hornachuelos existed, in what is now southern Spain, from around 1143.
January 1144: The Taifa of Arcos regained its independence from 1143 to 1145.
January 1145: During the second taifa period, after the fall of the Almoravid Empire, an independent taifa arose again in Mértola that lasted from 1144.
January 1145: A second independent taifa was briefly recreated in Badajoz, existing from 1144 to 1150.
January 1146: Establishment of the Taifa of Almería during the second Taifa period.
January 1146: The Almohad Caliphate existed from 1145.
January 1146: During the so-called second taifa age, Málaga was self-ruled for eight years starting from 1145.
January 1146: The Taifa of Murcia was a Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula from 1145.
January 1146: The Taifa of Silves was independent from 1145.
January 1146: After 1145 the Taifa of Valencia was able gain independency from the Almoravids.
January 1146: Establishment of the Taifa of Jaén during the second Taifa period.
January 1146: Establishment of Niebla as an independent Taifa.
January 1147: The Taifa of Tavira existed only from around 1146 to 1150.
January 1148: Conquest of Alguaire.
January 1148: The Second Taifa of Mallorca was established in 1147.
January 1149: Count Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona acquired Amposta.
November 1149: Conquest of Mequinonensa.
January 1150: Conquest of Lleida.
January 1152: Border change of the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1152: Conquest of Falset.
January 1154: Conquest of Prades.
January 1158: Alcaniz was conquered by count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona in 1157.
January 1160: In 1159, the Taifa of Jaén was conquered by the Taifa of Murcia.
January 1169: Taifa of Jaén conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.
January 1173: All of Muslim Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.
January 1173: The Taifa of Murcia fell to the Almohads.
January 1189: The Ayyubid wrested control of Kairouan from the Almohads in 1188.
January 1191: Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush was an Armenian mamluk in the service of the Ayyubid prince al-Muzaffar, who engaged in a series of campaigns of conquest in Tripolitania.
January 1204: After a hard fight, the Almoravids of Mallorca would end up being conquered by the Almohads, the kingdom being integrated into the Almohad Empire.
January 1212: Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush, who engaged in a series of campaigns of conquest in Tripolitania and Ifriqiya in the service of the Ayyubids, was defeated and executed by the Almohads.
January 1213: After the defeat in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, the Almohad power in the Iberian peninsula was greatly weakened and their dominance became purely theoretical, proliferating new taifas that would declare themselves independent.
January 1213: The Taifa of Baeza was a Muslim kingdom that arose in al-Andalus after the defeat of the Almohads at the hands of Christian armies in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa fought in 1212.
January 1225: After the fall of the Almohad Caliphate, Denia was ruled by the Taifa of Denia.
January 1229: The Taifa of Murcia becomes independent from the Almohads.
January 1229: The Taifa of Menorca existed from 1228.
January 1229: In 1228, the Lorca taifa was reestablished after the fall of the Almoravid dynasty.
January 1230: The Hafsids reject the obedience of the Almohads and become masters of Ifriqiya.
January 1230: The Hafsids were Ifriqiya governors of the Almohads until 1229, when they declared independence.
January 1230: Málaga became shortly independent in 1229 under Ibn Zannun.
January 1230: The Taifa of Valencia becomes independent from the Almohads.
June 1230: In 1230, the Kingdom of Leon, under the rule of King Alfonso IX, conquered the entire region of Extremadura, including the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz. This marked a significant expansion of Leon's territory and influence in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1231: With the departure of the Almohads, the Nasrid dynasty rose to power in Granada.
January 1233: An independent Moorish kingdom was established in Arjona.
January 1234: The Taifa of Ceuta is created in 1233 when it separated from the taifa of Murcia.
January 1235: The Taifa of Niebla becomes independent from the Almohads.
January 1236: When the Almohad empire began to fall apart, in 1235, Yaghmurasen declared his independence.
January 1236: The Zianids declare themselves independent and make Tlemcen their capital. The central Maghreb is detached from the Almohad authority.
January 1237: The Taifa of Ceuta 1236 it was invaded by the Almohad Empire.
January 1243: The region of Silves passed to the Hafsid Kingdom.
January 1246: The Merinids begin the conquest of northern Morocco where they make Fez their capital.
January 1251: Following the collapse of the Almohad Caliphate, the Taifa of Jerez emerged as an independent enclave.
January 1270: After the death of the last Almohad caliph, the Emirate of Granada, led by Muhammad II al-Faqih, took control of the former Almohad territories in Iberia in 1269.
January 1270: Marrakech captured by the Merinid Abou Youssef Yacoub and fall of the Almohad Empire.
January 1273: Oujda and Sijilmasa lost to Marinids.
January 1300: The Marinid Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr was the sultan of the Marinid Dynasty, a Berber Muslim dynasty. Tlemcen was a city in North Africa, known for its strategic importance and wealth. The siege lasted for 8 years, from 1299 to 1307, as the Marinids sought to expand their territory.
January 1308: End of the Marinid siege of Tlemcen.
January 1310: The Marinid Dynasty conquered Ceuta in 1309.
January 1330: Ronda conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1336: Abu'l Hasan, the ruler of the Marinid Dynasty, initiated a siege of Tlemcen in 1335.
January 1338: Tlemcen conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1348: In 1347 Marinid ruler Abu'l Hasan annexed Ifriqiya, briefly reuniting the Maghrib territories as they had been under the Almohads.
January 1349: In 1348, the Kingdom of Tlemcen experienced a revolt in the central Maghreb region. Abu Sa'id Uthman II, a Zayyanid ruler, was proclaimed as the new king of Tlemcen during this period of unrest.
January 1353: In 1352 Marinid ruler Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered the central Maghreb.
January 1354: Bejaia conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1358: Kingdom of Tlemcen conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1360: The Zayyanid king Abu Hammu Musa II (r. 1359-1389) took the throne of Tlemcen.
January 1360: In 1359, Abu Hammu Musa II, the Zayyanid king, ascended to the throne of Tlemcen after the death of the previous ruler. The previous ruler had been forced to return to Fez due to Arab opposition and subsequently fell ill and was killed.
January 1361: The Marinids reoccupied Tlemcen in 1360.
January 1362: End of the Marinid occupation of Tlemcen.
January 1371: Tlemcen conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1372: The Marinids found they were unable to hold the region of Tlemcen and thus left the area.
January 1375: In 1374, the sultanate was split in two following a rebellion in Marrakech. Gibraltar is returned to the Grenadines in return for their military support.
January 1390: In 1389, the Zayyanid dynasty in the Kingdom of Tlemcen acknowledged the suzerainty of the Marinid dynasty.
January 1401: During the 14th to 16th centuries, Mzab was part of the Zianide kingdom, with Arab communities integrating into the region during this time. In 1400, Mzab came under the control of the Kingdom of Tlemcen, a vassal of the Marinid dynasty.
January 1401: In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldoun reported the existence of a walled town which housed a faction of the "laghouat" tribe, a branch of the Berber tribe of the Maghraouas.
August 1415: Portuguese conquest of Ceuta.
January 1425: In 1424, the territory of Tlemcen came under the control of the Hafsid dynasty.
January 1459: Alcácer Ceguer conquered by portugal.
January 1466: In 1465 the last Marinid sultan, Abd al-Haqq II, was finally overthrown and killed by a revolt in Fez, which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco.
January 1466: In 1465, the city of Tuggurt came under the rule of the Sultanate of Tuggurt, which was established in the 15th century. The territory was previously under the authority of the Hafsid dynasty, like other cities in eastern Algeria.
August 1471: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
August 1471: The Portuguese occupied Tangiers, unopposed, on 28 August 1471 after its garrison fled upon learning of the conquest of Asilah.
January 1489: In 1488, Safim was captured by the Portuguese under the command of Diogo de Azambuja. The territory was then incorporated into the Portuguese Empire. Safim/Safi was an important trading post on the coast of Morocco, known for its strategic location and thriving commerce.
March 1489: The fortress was built from February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte.
August 1489: After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evacuated the island.
January 1503: Portugal captures Mazagan.
January 1503: Dakhla (Dajla, later Villa Cisneros) conquered by spain.
January 1504: Dakhla (Dajla, later Villa Cisneros) conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1506: In 1505, Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (now known as Agadir, Morocco) was established by the Portuguese explorer João Fernandes.
January 1506: In 1505, Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro founded the town of Cazaza in present-day Chile. The territory was later incorporated into the larger Cazaza region. This period marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the area.
January 1507: Mogador conquered by portugal.
January 1507: Aguz conquered by portugal.
January 1511: In 1510, the Portuguese established Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (later Puerto Cansado) in present-day Western Sahara. The territory was under Portuguese control until 1644 when it was captured by the Dutch.
January 1511: Mogador conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1514: In 1513, the Portuguese city of Azamor was captured by the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco.
January 1514: In 1513, the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado captured the territory of Cazaza, which was ruled by the Wattasid Dynasty. Cazaza was located in present-day Morocco and was an important strategic location during the early 16th century.
January 1516: Mehdya was captured by the Portuguese in 1515, and renamed São João da Mamora.
January 1516: Casablanca conquered by portugal.
December 1522: In 1522, Spain lost the Peñón to a Moroccan Berber attack that resulted in the deaths of the whole Spanish garrison. .
January 1526: Aguz conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1528: The Wattasids were a ruling dynasty in Morocco, while the Saadians were a rival dynasty. The Treaty of Tadla marked the transfer of power from the Wattasids to the Saadians in southern Morocco in 1527.
January 1541: In 1540, Safim was under the rule of the Wattasid Dynasty. Safim, also known as Safi, was a major Portuguese fortress and trading post in Morocco. The Wattasid Dynasty was a Berber dynasty that ruled over Morocco from the 15th to the 16th century.
January 1542: Azamor, also known as Azemmour, was a Portuguese city on the west coast of Morocco. It was restored to the Wattasid Dynasty in 1541 after being under Portuguese control since 1513.
January 1542: The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements in North Africa between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
January 1544: In 1543, the Wattasid Dynasty took control of the Kingdom of Tlemcen, leading to the third period of Moroccan occupation.
January 1545: End of the Wattasid domination over Tlemecen.
January 1551: Alcácer Ceguer conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1551: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
January 1578: In 1577, a Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza.
January 1578: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
January 1582: Touat conquered by Saadi dynasty.
January 1590: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
March 1591: Battle of Tondibi: Morocco conquers the Songhai Empire. However, Morocco proved likewise unable to assert a firm control over the area due to the vastness of the Songhai Empire and difficulties of communication and resupply across the Saharan trade routes, and a decade of sporadic fighting began.
January 1604: The Pashalik of Timbuktu was a vassal state of Morocco until 1826.
January 1611: Larache was under Spanish control since 1610.
January 1615: In 1614, the Spanish took control of Mehdya, Morocco (known as La Mamora).
January 1625: The Republic of Salé was a short-lived city state at Salé during the 17th century. Located at the mouth of the Bou Regreg river, it was founded by Moriscos from the town of Hornachos, in Western Spain.
January 1629: During their civil war the Saadians lost the control of many territories, including Rabat, Salé and Tetouan.
January 1629: After a civil war, the Saadians lost Oujda to the Ottomans.
January 1629: Tafilalet is occupied by Alaouites of Marocco during a civil war in the Saadi Dynasty..
January 1645: In 1644, Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (later Puerto Cansado) was captured by the Saadi dynasty, a ruling dynasty of Morocco. This territory was previously under Spanish control from 1510 until 1644.
January 1660: The Saadi Dynasy disappeared from the Moroccan political and military scenes.
January 1669: Sultan Al-Rashid of Morocco, a member of the Alaouite dynasty, conquered Rabat and Salé in 1668, bringing an end to the independence of the Republic of Salé. The Alaouite dynasty continues to rule Morocco to this day.
January 1673: At the beginning, the Sultanate of Morocco only included Tafilalet under the rule of Sultan Moulay Isma'il.
January 1673: Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, an Afghan of the Miyana tribe from Kabul, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672.
January 1682: In 1681, the Spanish territory of Mehdya in Morocco (La Mamora) was ceded to the Sultanate of Morocco.
February 1684: Forces under Lord Dartmouth (including Samuel Pepys) methodically destroyed the town and its port facilities for five months prior to Morocco's occupation of the city.
January 1690: The Spanish were driven from Larache in 1689.
January 1709: In 1708, Mers El Kébir was captured by the Sultanate of Morocco.
January 1711: The Kong Empire was a pre-colonial African Muslim state centered in north eastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso. It was founded by Dyula immigrants from the declining Mali Empire.
January 1733: In 1732, Mers El Kébir became part of the territory it is named after. Mers El Kébir was a strategic port in Algeria, known for its naval significance. The period from 1732 to 1792 saw various conflicts and power struggles in the region.
January 1741: In 1740, the Adrar Confederation was founded in the Adrar Plateau in Mauritania. This confederation was led by the local tribes and leaders of the region, coming together to form a unified political entity.
January 1756: Casablanca conquered by Sultanate of Morocco.
January 1770: Mazagan was incorporated into Morocco.
January 1788: Tuareg rule on Timbuktu.
March 1799: Sultan Slimane signed an accord with King Charles IV of Spain, in which he recognized that the Saguia el Hamra and Cape Juby regions were not part of his dominions.
January 1848: Chafarinas islands belonged to Spain from 6 of January of 1848.
December 1884: Spain declared "a protectorate of the African coast" from Cape Blanc to Cape Bojador.
January 1899: French military expedition to Sikasso.
May 1903: French Mauritania was officially established on 21 May 1903.
November 1912: With the Hispano-French Treaty signed on 27 November 1912, France recognized Spain's control over the territory of the northern zone of Morocco, thereby establishing the Spanish protectorate with its capital in Tetouan.
July 1916: Francisco Bens officially occupied the Cape Juby region for Spain.
April 1956: In 1956, French Morocco regained its independence from France.
April 1956: When France ended its protectorate over Morocco, Spain discontinued the protectorate and retroceded the territory to the newly independent kingdom, while retaining the plazas de soberanía which were part of Spain prior to the colonial period, Cape Juby, Ifni, and other colonies (such as Spanish Sahara) outside of Morocco.
June 1969: Following a treaty signed on 4 January and ratified 22 April, Spain formally returned the territory to Morocco.
Selected Sources
Blet, H. (1946): Histoire de la colonisation française : Les étapes d'une renaissance coloniale, 1789-1870, 2, Paris (France), p. 136-137
Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2020): Conflict and Collaboration in Medieval Iberia, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 113
Duby, G. (1991): L'Atlas Historique Mondial, Larousse, p. 259
Expansión peninsular de la Corona de Aragón. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 September 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png
Kim Bergqvist, Kurt Villads Jensen, Anthony John Lappin
Maroc - Les étapes de l'occupation Francaise (1920). Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE C-4691 (4)
Pollacchi, C. P. (1930): Les progrès de la pacification française, Collection du Comité Métropolitain du Centenaire de l'Algérie
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.66
Yacono, X. (1993): Histoire de l'Algérie de la fin de la Régence turque à l'insurrection de 1954, Paris (France), p. 262
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