Reconquista
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Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
January 1234: Ubeda conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1310: Ferdinand IV of Castile conquers Gibraltar.
January 1488: Spanish conquest of Malaga.
January 1239: In 1238, Niebla-Huelva was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, not Leon as previously stated. This marked the territory's transfer to the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.
January 1411: Castilian conquest of Antequera.
January 1230: Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the Guadiana River and conquers Mérida and Badajoz.
January 1270: After the death of the last Almohad caliph, the Emirate of Granada, led by Muhammad II al-Faqih, took control of the former Almohad territories in Iberia in 1269.
February 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
May 1085: Toledo officially and peacefully fell into Christian hands.
January 726: 725: Muslim raids reach Autun in the Frankish Empire.
February 726: End of Muslim raid in Autun (Frankish Empire).
January 755: Leon conquered by Kingdom of Asturias.
February 779: The Franks were unable to capture the city of Zaragoza and were forced to retreat.
January 791: In 790, the territories of Ribagorza and Pallars were linked to Toulouse and became part of the Kingdom of the Franks under the rule of Charlemagne, a prominent Frankish king and emperor. This expansion of the Frankish kingdom helped solidify Charlemagne's power in the region.
January 793: Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, calls for jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and in the Frankish Empire. Tens of thousands of volunteers from as far away as Syria follow his call. Narbonne is destroyed, but the invasion is stopped near Carcassonne.
February 793: After the forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba raided southern France, they returned to Spain.
January 796: Moorish troops conquer Astorga.
January 799: Alfonso II, King of Asturias, launches a raid on Al-Andalus and reaches Lisbon, which he sacks.
February 799: End of the sack of Lisbon by Asturian forces.
January 815: He defeated the Muslims in Mourning (794), Narón and Anceus (825). He also fought on the Orón River (816), a confrontation that was stale. Thanks to the victories over the Muslims, it consolidated its presence in Galicia, León and Castilla.
January 872: Coimbra is conquered again by the Moors.
January 779: In 778, Charlemagne led the Franks in an attack on Zaragoza, a city in modern-day Spain.
July 920: Cordoban forces earned a victory at the Battle of Valdejunquera, after which the Emirate retook the lands south of the river Ebro.
January 921: After the defeat of the Moors in 920, King Sancho I of Pamplona led the Christian counteroffensive, quickly taking control of La Rioja and annexing the territories of Nájera and Viguera into the Kingdom of Pamplona.
February 921: After their raid in Gascony, the Muslim forces of Cordoba left the region.
February 924: A Muslim army leaves Pamplona after a raid.
July 939: Ramiro masterminded a Pamplona/León coalition that defeated a joint Andalusian counter-offensive in the Battle of Simancas (939). This victory allowed the advance of the Leonese border of the Duero to the Tormes.
February 954: End of Morrish raid in Galicia.
January 977: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 977: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 981: Zamora, Rueda, Atienza, Sepúlveda among others fell into the hands of the Muslims.
January 986: Almansor, who was the ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, sacks Barcelona.
February 986: End of the sack of Barcelona by Morish forces.
January 988: In 987, Almansor, the powerful ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus, launched a devastating campaign in the Iberian Peninsula. He destroyed Coimbra and advanced north, conquering several castles and reaching Santiago de Compostela. The city was evacuated and razed to the ground by the Moors.
February 989: End of a Cordoban raid in Léon.
January 997: Astorga conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 998: In 997, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, looted Castro Bergidum (El Bierzo) and Santiago de Compostela.
February 998: Leon led a military campaign against the Muslim forces, ending the looting of Castro Bergidum in El Bierzo and Santiago de Compostela.
January 1004: In 1003, the Caliphate of Córdoba, led by Al-Mansur, launched a devastating attack on the Kingdom of Leon.
February 1004: End of Moor raid in Leon.
January 1010: The taifa of Badajoz rose, like the other taifa kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, after the fragmentation of al-Andalus.
January 1010: In 1009 The Muslims devastate León, but left the region after the raid.
January 1017: Garray was part of the kingdom of Pamplona in the time of Sancho III el Mayor.
January 1032: With the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 23 taifas, sveral of its territories were acquired by its neighbours.
January 1036: Sancho III of Pamplona, also known as Sancho the Great, divided his possessions among his four sons upon his death in 1035.
January 1036: Establishment of the Kingdom of Castile.
January 741: Umayyad conquest of Galicia.
July 1058: Conquest of Viseu by forces of the Kingdom of Leon.
January 1064: Barbastro besieged and taken by a united Christian army, which was joined for the first time by many French and Norman knights.
July 1064: Coimbra, at the mouth of the Mondego, was taken by Christian forces after a six-month siege.
January 1070: Conquests of Ramiro I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1069.
January 1077: In 1076, King Ferdinand I of Castile and Leon conquered the city of Coria, which was under the control of the Emirate of Badajoz.
January 1088: Alfonso VI of Castile and León conquers the fortress of Aledo in Murcia.
January 1091: Molina becomes an independent Taifa (Islamic petty kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula).
January 1091: Alfonso VI obtained Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém.
January 1094: Between 1087 and 1093, Peter of Aragon took Estada, Monzón and Almenar.
January 1095: El Cid, a Spanish knight and military leader, conquered Valencia from the Moors in 1094.
January 1095: Conquests of Sancho Ramirez of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1094.
January 1100: The Taifa of Valencia fell to Castile.
January 1101: Molina becomes an independent Taifa (Islamic petty kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula).
January 1101: In 1100, Peter, the king of Aragon, captured Barbastro, the second city of the Taifa of Zaragoza, and Sariñena.
January 1102: In 1101, the capture of Pomar de Cinca and Albalate de Cinca brought the Aragonese up to Lérida.
January 1105: Conquests of Pedro I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1104.
January 1110: The Almoravids capture Talavera in western Toledo after a month-long siege.
January 1110: The Almoravids seized several important southern plazas: Talavera de la Reina, Madrid and Guadalajara.
January 1111: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1110.
January 1111: Conquest of Juslibol.
January 1112: The Almoravids under Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém and also take Zaragoza.
January 1112: Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal, recaptures Santarém.
January 1119: Conquest of Belchite.
January 1119: Conquest of Jarque.
January 1119: Conquest of Aliaga.
January 1119: Conquest of Alcala.
January 1120: Alcaniz is occupied by the Christian troops of Alfonso I of Aragon in 1119.
January 1120: Conquest of Carinena.
January 1120: Conquest of Fuentes.
January 1120: Conquest of Aliaga.
July 1120: Conquest of Cutanda.
January 1121: Alcaniz was taken back by the Moors.
January 1121: Conquest of Calatayud.
January 1121: Conquest of Daroca.
January 1121: Conquest of Torrelacarcel.
January 1121: Conquest of Cella.
January 1122: Conquest of Cella.
January 1132: Almoravid Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin captures the castle of Aceca south of Toledo.
January 1134: Conquest of Mequinonensa.
January 1135: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1134.
January 1136: The Moors occupied the area of Leiria until it was re-captured by the first King of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1135.
January 1137: Mequinenza on the Ebro is recaptured by the Moors.
July 1140: In 1140, the Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, successfully recaptured the city of Leiria from the Moors during the Reconquista.
January 1143: The city and castle of Leiria were reconquered by King Afonso I of Portugal from the Moors.
March 1147: Territorial change based on available maps.
March 1147: Portugal conquered the city of Santarém.
June 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
October 1147: A Christian alliance attacks Almería by land and sea.
October 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
December 1147: The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada capitulated to the Portuguese.
January 1148: In 1147, the Taifa of Almería was conquered by the Kingdom of Castile and Leon, led by King Alfonso VII.
January 1148: Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez IV of Navarre conquer Andújar and Baeza.
January 1149: In 1148, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, conquered Tortosa.
January 1152: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1152.
January 1159: King Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal.
January 1159: Alcaniz conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
January 1159: In 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by the Portuguese.
January 1160: The Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, conquered the cities of Évora and Beja from the Moors.
January 1160: In 1159 it seems that Alfonso I of Portugal conquered, but soon after abandoned, the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1163: In 1162, Alfonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso I, conquered Beja.
January 1163: In a few months Portuguese troops completed, the conquest of almost the entire Alentejo region in southern Portugal: Beja, Evora, Serpa, the castle of Juromenha (near Alandroal) and then north -east, Cáceres and Trujillo, in present-day Spain.
January 1170: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
January 1170: Conquest of Valderrobles.
January 1170: Conquest of Cantavieja.
January 1170: Conquest of Teruel.
January 1171: Conquest of Cella.
January 1171: Conquest of Teruel.
November 1171: Conquest of Teruel.
January 1172: Conquest of Mora de Rubielos.
January 1173: All of Muslim Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.
January 1175: Conquest of Alfambra.
January 1178: Alfonso VIII of Castile takes Cuenca.
January 1181: Conquest of Olocau del Rey.
January 1182: Conquest of Mosqueruela.
January 1190: In 1189 the Portuguese occupied Silves.
January 1193: In 1192 the Portuguese lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads.
January 1195: Conquest of Chelva.
July 1195: Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195).
July 1195: At the subsequent Battle of Alarcos, the Castilians were defeated by the caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur. The reoccupation of the surrounding territory by the Almohads was quickly commenced with Calatrava falling first.
January 1197: Conquests of Alfonso / Alfonso II of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1196.
January 1141: In 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of Leiria.
January 1211: The Muslim fortress of Al-Dāmūs in Ademuz was conquered by Peter II of Aragon in 1210, with the aid of the hospitalier and templar knights. Peter II of Aragon was the King of Aragon from 1196 until his death in 1213. The hospitalier and templar knights were military orders that played a significant role in the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1213: The Portuguese conquer Alcácer do Sal again.
January 1213: In 1212, the Kingdom of Castile, led by King Alfonso VIII, captured the fortresses of Calatrava, Alarcos, and Benavente before facing the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa against the Almohad Caliphate on July 16th.
January 1214: Conquests of Pedro/Pere II of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1213.
January 1215: Conquest of Chelva.
January 1217: Ademuz fell back into Muslim hands.
January 1119: Alfonso I of Aragon conquers Zaragoza from the Almoravids.
January 1224: Alfonso II of Portugal conquers Setúbal and Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
January 1227: Taifa of Baeza conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1227: Elvas was taken from the Moors in 1226.
January 1230: Conquest of Mallorca.
January 1230: Elvas conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
June 1230: In 1230, the Kingdom of Leon, under the rule of King Alfonso IX, conquered the entire region of Extremadura, including the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz. This marked a significant expansion of Leon's territory and influence in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1231: Taifa of Badajoz conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1232: Cazorla conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1232: Conquest of Menorca (with the exception of the city of Mao).
January 1233: Ibiza and Jaén finally fall into Christian hands.
January 1233: Conquests of Jaime / Jaume I during the Reconquista by 1232.
January 1234: Conquest of Vinaros.
January 1234: Conquest of Peniscola.
January 1234: Conquest of Castello de la Piana.
January 1234: Conquest of Borriana.
September 1235: Conquest of Elvissa.
January 1236: Conquests of Jaime / Jaume I during the Reconquista by 1235.
January 1237: Ferdinand III of Castile took Cordova in 1236.
January 1237: The Portuguese conquer most of the Algarve.
November 1238: Conquest of Valencia.
January 1239: Taifa of Valencia conquered by Aragon.
January 1239: James I of Aragon conquered Valencia, Albarracín, Alpuente and Tortosa from the Moors.
January 1239: Niebla and Huelva conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1240: In 1239, the Portuguese, led by King Sancho II, defeated the Moors at the Battle of Aimonte. This victory led to the conquest of the eastern Algarve and the Alentejo regions.
January 1241: Ecija and Lucena conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1241: Conquest of Calp.
January 1244: Orihuela conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1245: Taifa of Arjona conquered by the Kingdom of Castile.
January 1245: Conquest of Gandia.
January 1245: Conquest of Ontinyent.
January 1246: Conquest of Benidorm.
January 1247: The Kingdom of Castile captured the Spanish provinces of Jaén and Arjona by King Ferdinand III of Castile.
January 1247: In 1246, Carmona, a strategic town in Andalusia, fell to the Christians of the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.
December 1248: Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248.
December 1248: Seville conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1249: Alicante conquered by Kingdom of Castile.
January 1250: Faro conquered by Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1250: The region of Algarve was invaded by the Moors.
January 1251: Between 1249 and 1250 the Algarve was reconquered from the Moors.
January 1257: Conquest of Alcoi.
November 1261: Taifa of Jerez conquered by Castile.
January 1263: Taifa of Niebla conquered by Castile.
January 1267: The Taifa of Murcia was absorbed by Castile.
January 1270: In 1269, the Almohad Caliphate fell to the Kingdom of Aragon during the Reconquista. This marked a significant victory for King James I of Aragon, who led the Christian forces in reclaiming territory from Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista continued until 1270, with the Kingdom of Aragon making further gains in the region.
January 1273: Faro is conquered by the Portuguese under Alfonso III.
February 1276: End of Muslim siege of Ecija.
February 1287: Conquest of Maó.
January 1288: Taifa of Menorca conquered by the Crown of Aragon.
January 1328: Castilian conquest of Olvera.
January 1331: Castilian conquest of Ardales.
January 1334: The Marinids conquered Gibraltar.
October 1340: Defeat of the Merinids at the Battle of Tarifa in 1340. The Marinids loose all possessions in the Iberian Peninsula but Algesiras.
January 1342: Castilian conquest of Acala La Real and Priego.
January 1345: The loss of Algeciras in 1344 to the Castilians marked the end of the dynasty's Iberian ambitions.
January 1372: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1408: Castilian conquest of Zahara.
January 1434: Castilian conquest of Xiquena.
January 1435: Castilian conquest of Huescar.
January 1463: Castilian conquest of Gibraltar.
January 1463: Castilian conquest of Archidona.
January 1490: Spanish conquest of Guadix.
January 1490: Spanish conquest of Baza.
January 1490: Spanish conquest of Almeria.
January 1492: After the Spanish siege of Granada, Muhammad XII, the last Nasrid ruler of Granada, formally relinquished his sovereignty and surrendered his territories to Castile.
January 1330: Ronda conquered by Marinid Dynasty.
January 1293: Castilian conquest of Tarifa.
January 884: In 883, the Christian King Alfonso III of Asturias led a successful counteroffensive, capturing the territories of Deza and Atienza from the Moors. This marked a significant victory in the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.
January 867: King Alfonso III. the Great of Asturias conquers Coimbra.
February 988: The Umayyads of Cordoba leave Coimbra and Santiago de Compostela after a raid.
January 989: In 988, Almansor, the de facto ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba, led a devastating attack on the cities of León, Zamora, and Sahagún.
January 1061: Forces from Leon captured the fortresses of San Esteban de Gormaz, Berlanga and Vadorrey, and afterwards proceeded through Santiuste, Huermeces and Santamara.
October 1147: In 1147 the Portuguese conquered Lisbon.
February 1148: The Taifa of Almería fell under the control of the Almohads.
January 1244: Subjugation of Murcia by the Kingdom of Aragon.
January 1161: The Portuguese abandoned the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1123: Conquests of Alfonso I of Aragon during the Reconquista by 1122.
January 1270: In 1269, the Almohad Caliphate fell to the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista. This marked a significant victory for King Alfonso X of Castile, who continued to push southward, reclaiming territories from Muslim rule until 1270.
January 1084: In 1083, the Aragonese took Graus.
January 1486: Spanish conquest of Marbella and Ronda.
January 1229: James I conquers Mallorca, Jerica and Murviedro-Sagunto.
January 1233: Moura conquered by the Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1276: In 1275, Muslim forces besieged Ecija, a town in Al-Andalus.
January 1439: Castilian conquest of Huelma.
January 1228: After the death of the ruler Zayyan ibn Mardanish in 1224, Denia came under the control of the Kingdom of Aragon in 1227. This marked the end of the Taifa of Denia, a Muslim-ruled territory in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 729: 729: Berber rebels allied with Eudo of Aquitaine rise in Cerdanya.
January 781: 781-881: During this period there are regular uprisings against the Arab occupation in Zaragoza.
January 800: 800-810: Various rebellions break out in Lisbon, Merida and Toledo. The uprisings are brutally suppressed.
January 805: 805: Rebellions against the Moors break out again in Cordoba and Merida.
January 811: 811: Another eight-year uprising against the Muslims in Toledo.
January 828: 828: Rebellion against the Arabs in Merida.
January 829: 829: Another uprising in Mérida.
January 868: Renewed revolt against the Moors in Mérida.
January 974: 974: A Moorish army under Ibn Tumlus puts down an uprising in Seville.
January 1247: 1247-1258: Maurische Revolte in Valencia.
January 1264: 1264: Muslimische Revolte in Andalusien.
January 1276: 1276: Another Muslim revolt in Valencia.
The Hispano-Visigothic nobleman Pelagius began a revolt against the Islamic rule of Hispania and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
September 722: At an uncertain date, between 718 and 722, more likely the latter, a revolt against the conquerors, led by the noble Visigoth Pelayo, broke out in Asturias. Pelayo won a victory in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga. The Christians federate and form the Kingdom of Asturias.
January 719: The Visigoth nobleman Pelayo has himself elected king (or prince) by his followers in Asturias. Only then does the organized resistance against the Muslims in Asturias begin.
Were a series of military campaigns by the Frankish rulers that led to the creation of a buffer zone between the Iberian Peninsula, controlled by the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Frankish Empire.
January 795: Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794).
January 799: Urgell and Cerdanya were added to the Marca Hispanica in 798.
January 799: Pamplona conquered by frankish empire.
January 802: After a series of struggles the County of Barcelona (with Ausona) was taken by Frankish forces in 801.
January 812: All of Catalonia falls under Frankish control.
January 801: The first records of the county of Empúries (with Perelada) are from 812 but the county was probably under Frankish control before 800.
Were the conquests of the Emir and later Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III.
January 954: Moorish invasion of Galicia.
January 921: 920: Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, invade Gascony, besiege Toulouse and kill the garrison of Muez.
January 924: Pamplona is destroyed by a Muslim army.
January 928: In 927, Melilla was attached to the Emirate of Córdoba, marking the establishment of the emirate's presence in Africa. The Emirate of Córdoba was ruled by Abd-ar-Rahman III, who was a prominent Umayyad caliph in Al-Andalus.
January 929: Abd al-Rahman III proclaims the Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 932: Ceuta conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
January 951: It is believed that the first settlers to arrive came from the Toltec people in central Mexico, mostly Puebla during the Chichimeca-Toltec civil wars in the 10th century AD.
January 952: Tangiers conquered by Caliphate of Córdoba.
A military expedition by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, sanctioned by Pope Alexander II, to take the Spanish city of Barbastro form the Muslims.
September 1064: An international expedition, sanctioned by Pope Alexander II, took the Spanish city of Barbastro.
Expansion during the rule of Yusuf ibn Tashfin in the Almoravid Caliphate.
January 1077: In 1076, the Almoravid Caliphate occupied the Ghana Empire.
January 1091: Taifa of Grenada conquered by the Almoravids in 1090.
January 1091: In 1090, the Taifa of Málaga was conquered by the Islamic Almoravid dynasty.
January 1092: The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty from North Africa, took Niebla in 1091.
January 1092: Death of the last king of Seville Al-Mu'tamid and defeat of Seville by Almoravid troops.
January 1093: Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto conquered by the almoravids.
January 1101: With the turn of the century, the Taifa of Tortosa became dependent on the Almoravids .
January 1102: The Taifa of Arcos fell to the Almoravids.
June 1102: In 1102, Alfonso VI of León and Castile sent troops to help Valencia against the Almoravid threat. The battle took place in Cullera and ended without a clear winner, although Valencia fell in Almoravid hands because for Alfonso, it was too expensive to defend this city.
January 1103: Valencia was taken over by the Almoravid Caliphate.
January 1081: Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin brought the large area of what is now known as Morocco, Western Sahara, and Mauritania into complete subjection.
January 1085: The Taifa of Ceuta was conquered by the Almoravid Empire.
December 1094: The Christians lost Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém when Raymond of Burgundy, responsible for defending these cities, was defeated by the Almoravid army that had taken Badajoz shortly before.
January 1092: The Taifa of Lorca falls to the Almoravids.
December 1094: The Taifa of Badajoz fell to the Almoravids.
January 1076: The Taifa of Segorbe falls to the Almoravids.
January 1092: The Taifa of Almería was annexed to the Almoravid empire.
May 1104: The Taifa of Albarracín disappeared in April 1104 with its conquest by the Almoravids.
The Battle of Uclés was fought on 29 May 1108 during the Reconquista period near Uclés just south of the river Tagus between the Christian forces of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and the forces of the Muslim Almoravids under Tamim ibn-Yusuf. The battle was a disaster for the Christians and many of the high nobility of León, including seven counts, died in the fray or were beheaded afterwards, while the heir-apparent, Sancho Alfónsez, was murdered by villagers while trying to flee.
May 1108: Battle of Uclés.
After the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared King of Portugal.
July 1139: After triumphing in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, Portuguese count Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal by his troops.
July 1139: After this battle, he began to exhibit a seal with a cross and the word "Portugal". He continued to win battles, supported by the nobles of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, eventually triumphing in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, which led to his proclamation as King of Portugal by his troops.
Selected Sources
Duby, G. (1991): L'Atlas Historique Mondial, Larousse, p. 259
Expansión peninsular de la Corona de Aragón. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 September 2021. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_de_la_Corona_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png
Harvey, L. P. (1992): Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, Chicago (USA)
O'Callaghan, J. F. (2011): The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, Philadelphia (USA)
O'Callaghan, J. F. (2014): The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada, Philadelphia (USA)
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.155
