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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Georgia
Kingdom of Georgia (Seljuks)
Kingdom of Georgia (Mongol Empire)
Kingdom of Georgia (Ilkhanate)
Kingdom of Georgia (Timurid Vassal)
Democratic Republic of Georgia
Democratic Republic of Georgia (Germany)
Democratic Republic of Georgia (Great Britain)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Republic of Georgia
Georgia
Establishment
January 1009: Unification of the Georgian principalities included in a single feudal state in 1008.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1034: The Alanian princess Alda defected to the Byzantines and surrendered Anacopia.
February 1034: King Bagrat of Georgia defeated a united army of his opponents and then besieged Anacopia.
January 1205: A Georgian army under the command of Alexios and David Komnenos attacked the Byzantines from the east in late March or early April 1204. According to Georgian chronicles the expedition took eight days, it reached Trebizond via Lazona and seized Trebizond in April.
February 1205: According to medieval sources, newly incorporated territories were given by Georgia to Alexios and David Komnenos, who founded a pro-Georgian state, the Empire of Trebizond.
1.1.Georgian campaigns of Basil II
Was a military campaign by Byzantine emperor Basil II in Georgia.
January 1017: George I launched a campaign to restore the David Kuropalates’ succession to Georgia and occupied Tao in 1015-1016.
September 1021: The Byzantines defeated the Georgians in the Battle of Shirimni.
June 1022: During the spring of 1022, Byzantine emperor Basil launched a final offensive, winning a crushing victory over the Georgians at Svindax. Menaced both by land and sea, King George handed over Tao, Phasiane, Kola, Artaan and Javakheti.
Were a series of military conflicts between the Seljuk Empire and its vassals against the Kingdom of Georgia.
August 1068: As soon as Selljuk sultan Alp Arslan left Georgia, Bagrat recovered Kartli in July 1068.
December 1068: On 10 December 1068, Selljuk sultan Alp Arslan, dissatisfied with the act of the last Caucasian monarch that he had not yet submitted, accompanied by the kings of Lorri and Kakheti as well as the emir of Tbilisi marched against Bagrat again. The provinces of Kartli and Argveti were occupied and pillaged.
January 1080: From 1079/80 onward, George was pressured into submitting to Seljuk ruler Malik-Shah to ensure a precious degree of peace at the price of an annual tribute. George's acceptance of the Seljuq suzerainty did not bring a real peace for Georgia.
2.1.Georgian Reconquista
Were a series of military campaigns by the Kingdom of Georgia to reconquer lands controlled by the Seljukids and their vassals.
January 1100: By 1099 Georgian king David IV's power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to Seljuqs.
January 1105: King David's supporters in the eastern Georgian province of Kakheti captured the local king Aghsartan II (c.1102-1104), a loyal tributary of the Seljuk Sultan, and reunited the area with the rest of Georgia.
January 1111: Following the annexation of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.
January 1116: Following the annexation of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.
January 1117: Following the annexation of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.
January 1117: King David of Georgia attacked the Seljuk Turks in Tao and captured the region of Tao-Klarjeti.
January 1118: Following the annexation of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.
January 1119: Tashir-Dzoraget was annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1121: Georgian expansion by 1120 AD.
April 1121: In the winter of 1120-1121 the Georgian troops successfully attacked the Seljuk settlements on the eastern and southwestern approaches to the Transcaucasus.
August 1121: King David routed the enemy army on the fields of Didgori, with fleeing Seljuq Turks being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days. A huge amount of booty and prisoners were captured by David's army, which had also secured Tbilisi, the last Muslim enclave remaining from the Arab occupation.
August 1121: After the death of Afridun I, who was murdered in the battle for Derbent, the throne in Shirvan passed to his son, Manuchir III (1120-1160). Manuchir III was under the influence of his wife, Georgian princess Tamar and maintained pro-Georgian orientation.
January 1123: Georgian King David IV’s victories over the Seljuk Turks inflicted a final blow to Islamic Tbilisi, and a Georgian army entered the city in 1122, ending four hundred years of Muslim rule.
January 1125: In 1124, Georgian king David conquered Shirvan and took the Armenian city of Ani from the Muslim emirs.
January 1125: King David of Georgia conquered Shirvan.
January 1125: Georgian forces took the Armenian city of Ani from the Muslim emirs, thus expanding the borders of the kingdom to the Araxes basin.
January 1131: In 1130 Georgia was attacked by the Sultan of Ahlat, Shah-Armen Sökmen II. This war was started by the passage of Ani into the hands of the Georgians. Demetrius I of Georgia had to compromise and give up Ani to Fadl ibn Mahmud.
January 1144: The sultan of Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town fell to the sultan.
January 1157: According to Mkhitar Gosh, Demetrius ultimately gained possession of Ganja, but, when he gave his daughter in marriage to the sultan, he presented the latter with the town as dowry, and the sultain appointed his own emir to rule it.
January 1162: The town of Ani was offered to the George III, who appointed his general Ivane Orbeli as its ruler in 1161.
January 1165: A coalition of Muslim rulers led by Shams al-Din Eldiguz, ruler of Adarbadagan and some other regions, embarked upon a campaign against Georgia in early 1163. George had no choice but to make peace. He restored Ani to its former rulers, the Shaddadids, who became his vassals. .
January 1175: The Shaddadids, ruled the town of Ani for about 10 years, but in 1174 King George took the Shahanshah ibn Mahmud as a prisoner and occupied Ani once again.
June 1195: The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to the Georgians.
January 1201: The question of liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Tamar's armies led by two Armenian generals, Zakare and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli overran fortresses and cities towards the Ararat Plain, reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
3.1.Battle of Artah
The Battle of Artah was fought in 1105 between Crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks at the town of Artah near Antioch.
April 1105: The Battle of Artah was fought in 1105 between Crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks at the town of Artah near Antioch.
Georgia's king Tamar the Great invaded and conquered the cities of Tabriz, Ardabil, Khoy, Qazvin.
January 1208: Georgian King Tamar the Great invaded and conquered the cities of Tabriz, Ardabil, Khoy, Qazvin.
January 1209: Georgian King Tamar the Great invaded and conquered the cities of Tabriz, Ardabil, Khoy, Qazvin.
January 1210: Georgian King Tamar the Great invaded and conquered the cities of Tabriz, Ardabil, Khoy, Qazvin.
January 1211: Georgian King Tamar the Great invaded and conquered the cities of Tabriz, Ardabil, Khoy, Qazvin.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
January 1248: In 1247 Mongol khagan Güyük Khan made split the Kingdom of Georgia in an eastern and western part.
January 1248: The Mongols carved out the region of Samtskhe from Georgia and placed it under the direct control of the Ilkhanate.
5.1.Invasions of Georgia
Was the Mongol invasion of Georgia, in the Caucasus.
April 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
May 1221: Once Khwarezmian resistance was all but mopped up, the Mongols returned in force in January 1221. The ensuing battle at Bardav (Pardav; modern-day Barda, Azerbaijan) was another decisive Mongol victory, obliterating Georgia's field army. Though Georgia lay bare, the Mongols had come as a small reconnaissance and plundering expedition, not an army of conquest.
December 1222: Approximately 20,000 Mongols led by Subutai and Jebe pursued the ousted Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian dynasty to the Caspian Sea. They thrust into Armenia, then under Georgian authority, and defeated some 10,000 Georgians and Armenians commanded by King George IV "Lasha" of Georgia and his atabeg (tutor) and amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) Ivane Mkhargrdzeli at the Battle of Khunan.
June 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
July 1223: The Mongols marched through the Caucasus into Alania and the South Russian steppes where they routed the Rus’-Kipchak armies at the Battle of the Kalka River.
January 1239: The Mongols invaded Armenia and Georgia in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238.
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
6.1.Tokhtamysh-Timur war
Was a war between the Golden Horde and the Timurid Empire.
6.1.1.Timur's invasions of Georgia
Was the military invasion of Georgia by the Timurid Empire.
January 1386: After having overrun Azerbaijan and Kars, Timur marched into Georgia.
November 1386: Tamerlan occupied Tbilisi and captured the Georgian king Bagrat V.
November 1386: Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire, marched against Tbilisi, which was fortified by the Georgian king Bagrat V. The city fell on November 21, 1386, and King Bagrat V was captured and forcibly converted to Islam.
June 1387: When Timur was informed that Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde, was approaching Iran, he temporarily withdrew from the territories he had occupied in Georgia.
January 1395: Once the Golden Horde was defeated, Timur returned to attack Georgia again. In 1394, he dispatched four generals to the province of Samtskhe, with orders to apply the Islamic law of ghaza. The same year, Timur in person punished the mountainous Georgian communities in the Aragvi Valley whom the Zafarnama calls Kara-Kalkanlik, and returned via Tbilisi to Shekki upon hearing of yet another offensive by Tokhtamysh.
January 1396: In 1395 the desperate Georgians allied themselves with Sidi Ali of Shekki and inflicted a crushing defeat on the invading armies of Miran Shah, a son of Timur, who was besieging Alindjak (near Nakhichevan), and captured the Jalayirid prince Tahir, who was shut up in it.
June 1400: In the spring of 1400, Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all. He demanded that George VII should hand over the Jalayirid Tahir. George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in Lower Kartli, but suffered a defeat and retreated deeper into the country.
July 1400: Tamerlan laid siege to Gori where the king of Georgia had entrenched.
September 1403: In 1403, the fortress of Birtvisi was taken by the Timurid Empire, making the Kingdom of Georgia a vassal state. Despite this, Georgia maintained its independence and Christian identity under the rule of King George VII and the Timurid Empire.
January 1404: Timur sent his army to plunder and clear the frontier regions of Georgia and set out in pursuit of the retreating king George VII as far as Abkhazia.
January 1406: Timur's invasions of Georgia.
6.2.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
January 1401: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.
January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
7.1.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
7.1.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
7.1.1.1.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.
May 1918: The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.
December 1918: The German protectorate in Georgia ended due to the military defeat of Germany in November 1918.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
December 1918: British troops occupy Batum.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
February 1921: Creation of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
9.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
9.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
October 1919: The North Caucasian Emirate was a mainly Avar and Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the Russian Civil War from September 1919.
December 1919: Following the German defeat in the First World War, British occupation forces arrived in Georgia, with the permission of the Georgian government.
May 1920: On May 8, the Ossetians declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. A Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and helped the local rebels to defeat a Georgian force in the Java district. The rebellious areas were effectively incorporated into Soviet Russia.
June 1920: Vladimir Lenin’s desire to keep peace with Georgia at that time and eventual military failures of the rebels forced the Bolsheviks to distance themselves from the Ossetian struggle. The Georgian People's Guard under Valiko Jugheli crushed the revolt with great violence.
August 1920: On 14 April 1919, the governor disbanded the council and left the city of Batumi in July 1920, ceding the entire region to Georgia.
November 1920: Since the fall of the Armenian Republic, Georgia had taken de facto control of the "lori neutral zone" in joint control with armenia since the armenian-georgian war. Georgia had taken over the Lori "neutral zone" in a disputed Armeno-Georgian borderland on the pretext of defending the district and approaches to Tiflis in October 1920, in the course of the Turkish-Armenian War.
January 1921: British-held Batumi remained out of Georgia's control until 1920.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
9.1.1.1.Sochi conflict
Was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.
9.1.1.2.Georgian-Armenian War
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
9.1.1.3.Red Army invasion of Georgia and Armenia
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
February 1921: On the night of 11-12 February 1921, at Ordzhonikidze's instigation, Bolsheviks attacked local Georgian military posts in the predominantly ethnic Armenian district of Lori and the nearby village of Shulaveri.
February 1921: By 17 February, Soviet infantry and cavalry divisions supported by aircraft were less than 15 kilometers northeast of Tbilisi.
February 1921: The triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi.
March 1921: Soviet forces joined by Abkhaz peasant militias, the Kyaraz, succeeded in taking Gagra.
March 1921: In 1921, New Athos was taken over by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 3 March.
March 1921: Sukhumi conquered by russia.
March 1921: Surami conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, during the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze ordered the advance eastward to occupy Zugdidi, a key town in western Georgia.
March 1921: On 10 March Soviet forces entered Kutaisi.
March 1921: Poti conquered by russia.
9.2.Ottoman Invasion of Armenia
Was an Ottoman military invasion of Armenia, part of the Turkish-Armenian war and also of the Caucasian theatre of the Russian Civil War.
March 1921: Treaty of Moscow: the Turkish authorities proclaimed the annexation of Batumi.
March 1921: Georgian Defense Minister Grigol Lordkipanidze and the Soviet plenipotentiary Avel Enukidze arranged an armistice on 17 March, and then, on 18 March, an agreement. The Democratic Republic of Georgia ceased to exist.
March 1921: The battle for Batumi ended with the port and most of the city in Georgian hands.
Was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR) which resulted in the end of the country as a sovereign state, thereby resulting in its constituent republics gaining full independence.
April 1991: Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991.
Are a series of conflicts that are considered to be a consequence of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
11.1.Georgian Civil War
Was a civil war in Georgia shortly after the country had gained its independency from the USSR in 1991.
11.1.1.War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)
Was a war between Georgia, that had recently gained independence from the Soviet Union, and the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia. Abkhazia became a de facto independent republic, but today remains recognized as part of Georgia by most of the countries of the world.
July 1992: The Abkhazian government proclaimed the independence of the region, though this was not internationally recognized.
July 1992: A partially recognized state in the South Caucasus recognised by most countries as part of Georgia.
August 1992: The separatist government fled from Sukhumi to Gudauta.
August 1992: Georgian troops, led by President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, took control over the city of Gagra in 1992 during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict. The Abkhazians, supported by Russia, were forced to leave the city as a result of the military intervention.
September 1992: The Georgian Army had taken most of Abkhazia.
October 1992: Battle of Gagra.
July 1993: During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the village of Kamani was the site of the final offensive by Abkhaz forces.
September 1993: After a fierce battle, Sukhumi fell to the Abkhazians.
December 1993: Abkhazia becomed a de facto independent republic, but remains internationally recognized as part of Georgia.
11.1.2.Zviadist resistence
Was an insurgency part of the Georgian Civil War. In Juli 1993 deputies of the former Supreme Council of Georgia held a session in Zugdidi and declared the 'restoration of the legitimate government' there.
July 1993: 72 deputies of the former Supreme Council that had been ousted in January 1992, held a session in Zugdidi and declared the 'restoration of the legitimate government' there.
October 1993: From July to August Kobalia's militia effectively established its control in a significant part of the Samegrelo province.
October 1993: The government forces launched an offensive against pro-Gamsakhurdia rebels led by Colonel Loti Kobalia and, with the help of Russian military, occupied most of Samegrelo province.
November 1993: On November 4, 1993, the government forces broke through the defence lines of the Zviadist militias and entered Zugdidi without fighting on November 6.
11.2.Russo-Georgian war
Was a war between Georgia, on one side, and Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, on the other.
August 2008: Georgian troops advanced towards the capital of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali, during the night.
August 2008: Russians captured the military base near the town of Senaki.
August 2008: The city of Gori in Georgia was militarily occupied by Russia.
August 2008: Russian military captured Tskhinvali in five days and expelled Georgian forces.
August 2008: Reuters reported that Russian forces had pushed to 55 km from Tbilisi, the closest during the war, and stopped in Igoeti.
August 2008: Russia withdraws most troops from Georgia.
January 1015: Kvirike III declared himself King of Kakheti and Hereti.
January 1046: After the fall of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 1045, Kiurike II was bestowed by the Byzantines with the title of Kouropalates and became an independent ruler in the region of Tashir.
January 1072: The Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the theme of Iberia.
January 1073: In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the Shaddadid emir of Manuchihr.
January 1124: The Seljuqid Sultan Mahmud directed to Shirvan at the beginning of 1123, captured Shamakhi and took the Shah as hostage.
January 1158: In 1136, Seljuk Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (c.1134-1152) appointed Shams ad-Din Eldiguz (c.1135/36-1175) to be an atabeg of Azerbaijan to his possession as iqta. He made himself virtually independent ruler of Azerbaijan by 1146.
January 1167: Georgian king George III marched into Arran at the beginning of 1166 and occupied a region extending to faraway cities as Nakhchivan and Beylagan.
February 1167: After devastating a region including Arran, Nakhchivan and Beylagan the Georgian army left the area.
January 1185: Erzurum was besieged by the Georgian King Giorgi III in 1184.
January 1186: End of the Georgian siege of Erzurum.
January 1192: Qizil Arslan invaded Shirvan in 1191, reached to Derbent and subordinated the whole Shirvan to his authority.
January 1197: Abu Bakr was able to return to his capital, from where he had his brother Amir Mihran poisoned.
January 1201: In the 13th century, the Caucasian Avars formed a new Muslim state, traditionally known as Avaristan.
January 1226: The Georgians suffered bitter defeat at the Battle of Garni.
January 1227: Khwarazmian soldiers attacked Georgia and sacked Tbilisi.
February 1227: End of the Khwarazmian sack of Georgia.
January 1330: Using Mongol force to his advantage, In 1329, George laid siege to Kutaisi, western Georgia, reducing the local king Bagrat I the Little to a vassal prince.
January 1331: Imereti was conquered by Giorgi the Brilliant, who was subject to the Mongols, and united Imereti with the east Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1335: In 1334 George V of Georgia reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousin Qvarqvare I Jaqeli.
January 1345: George took advantage of the civil war in the Il-Khanate, where several khans were overthrown between 1335 and 1344, and drove the last remaining Mongol troops out of Georgia.
January 1388: Taking advantage of this Timurid invasions, the royal vassal Duke Alexander of Imereti proclaimed himself an independent ruler and was crowned king of Imereti at the Gelati Monastery in 1387.
January 1401: By the 14th century the newly established Avar Khanate managed to maintain independence from the Mongols.
January 1413: The Kingdom of Imereti becomes part of the Kingdom of Georgia.
February 1415: Timur's death in 1405 marked the beginning of the end of his Empire.
January 1432: In 1431, King Alexander I of Georgia re-conquered the territory of Lori from the Turkomans. Lori was an important region in medieval Georgia.
January 1447: The Kingdom of Imereti separates from the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1451: Kara Koyunlu territories conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1454: The Circassian Confederation was established between 1427 and 1453 in the region of Circassia, located in the North Caucasus. It was a union of various Circassian tribes led by local princes and nobles.
January 1454: The Kingdom of Imereti becomes part of the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1456: The Kingdom of Imereti was a Georgian monarchy established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms.
January 1464: It emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1466: The Kingdom of Imereti becomes part of the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1466: Giorgi VIII went to Kakheti and formed an independent Kakhetian Kingdom.
January 1466: Samtskhe-Saatabago became an independent principality.
January 1479: It emerged in the process of a tripartite division of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1478.
January 1479: The Kingdom of Imereti separates from the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1492: In 1491, Giorgi I Gurieli (1483-1512) was recognized as a sovereign prince.
January 1492: Gelovani established themselves as virtually independent princes when Georgia fragmented, in the 1460s (officially 1490/1491).
January 1558: Mingrelia was established as an independent Principality in 1557.
March 1922: The Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922.
December 1991: A de facto state in the South Caucasus recognised by most countries as part of Georgia.
August 1995: In 1995, the Republic of Georgia adopted its current constitution. This marked a significant moment in the country's history, as it transitioned from a Soviet republic to an independent nation. The constitution was drafted under the leadership of President Eduard Shevardnadze and Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania, shaping the country's political landscape for years to come.
Selected Sources
Ducas: Historia turco-bizantina 1341-1462, XXII [6]
SUBAŞI, Ö (2013): XI. YÜZYILDA TAO-KLARCETİ BÖLGESİNDE TÜRK HÂKİMİYETİ, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 8/5 Spring 2013, p. 705-731, ANKARA-TURKEY
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