Turkish War of Independence
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Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
December 1918: British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis,.
November 1918: Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which was occupied by British troops in the followind days.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik.
January 1922: In 1921, French and British forces withdrew from Lemnos, a strategic island in the Aegean Sea, and handed over control to the Kingdom of Greece.
November 1918: British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles.
April 1919: Italian forces occupied Antalya, the region around which will remain comparatively calm throughout the war.
September 1922: Turkish troops re-assume control of the city of Çanakkale and its depending towns after almost four years, and following several days of tension of international scale, known as Chanak Crisis.
March 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa.
November 1918: Joint French-Greek troops cross the Meriç River and occupy the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of Istanbul.
December 1918: British troops occupy Batum.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus.
November 1918: British troops occupy Musul.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Antep.
December 1921: The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years.
May 1919: Small Italian contingents occupied (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris and the surrounding regions.
January 1923: Italy began the withdrawal of its expeditionary force in Constantinople in the autumn of 1922.
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Mersin.
October 1919: French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
December 1918: French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Franco-Turkish War.
June 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the entire region of Urfa, east of Euphrates.
June 1920: The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli.
June 1921: The French troops depart from Zonguldak.
February 1921: Antep's Turkish forces surrendered to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Dörtyol.
December 1918: The control over Çukurova was acquired by General Henri Gouraud, a French military commander, in a move that extended French military occupation to Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on December 27, 1918.
December 1918: French troops occupy Antakya.
November 1921: French troops evacuate Islahiye.
April 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
March 1921: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
December 1918: French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey.
March 1921: French occupation troops were forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
March 1919: Two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli to command the Ottoman coal mining region.
November 1918: A French brigade entered Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general Franchet d'Espèrey - commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire - arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
January 1919: The city of Bursa (a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia) was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920.
June 1920: Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops begin to withdraw from Karadeniz Ereğli.
1.2.Cilicia Campaign
Was a French and British military campaign in southern Anatolia during the Franco-Turkish War.
November 1918: Tarsus, a city in modern-day Turkey, was occupied by French forces in 1918.
November 1918: French forces land at Mersin.
November 1919: The city of Mardin was occupied by the French for one day.
1.3.French Withdrawal (Franco-Turkish War)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Southern Anatolia.
January 1922: On 5 January the French left Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus to the Ottomans.
January 1922: The French evacuation of Anatolia was completed with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. France left all territories occupied in Cilicia and southern Turkey with the exception of the Republic of Hatay.
January 1922: The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in Turkey in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol.
November 1919: The French abandoned the occupation attempt of Mardin.
February 1920: After 22 days of the Battle of Marash, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries.
