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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since Antiquity.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Văn Lang
Âu Việt Confederation
Âu Lạc
Lac Viet
Kingdom of Lâm Ấp
Tĩnh Hải quân
Ngô Dynasty
Đinh dynasty
Early Lê dynasty
Lý dynasty
Trần Dynasty
Đại Việt (Mongol Empire)
Đại Việt (Yuan)
Hồ dynasty
Later Lê Dynasty
Tây Sơn Dynasty
Nguyễn Dynasty
Empire of Vietnam (Japanese Puppet)
Vietnam (French Protectorate)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Establishment
January 499 BC: Modern Vietnamese historians assume that statehood was developed in the Red River Delta by the second half of 1st millennium BC.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The rebel Annamese forces, led by Ngô Quyền defeated the invading forces of the Southern Han state of China and put an end to centuries of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam.
January 939: The rebel Annamese forces, led by Ngô Quyền defeated the invading forces of the Southern Han state of China and put an end to centuries of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam. The Ngô Dynasty (939-965), founded by Ngô Quyền, was the first Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
Was a military conflict between the Lý dynasty of Đại Việt and the Song dynasty of China between 1075 and 1077. .
November 1075: In the October 1075, Nùng Tông Đản led 23,000 soldiers advancing into Song territory in Guangxi.
March 1076: In the early spring of 1076, Lý Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đản defeated the Song reinforcements to Yongzhou and, during a battle at Kunlun Pass, their forces beheaded the Governor-General of Guangnan West Circuit, Zhang Shoujie. Afterwards, the Vietnamese forces then marched towards the city of Yongzhou, where they were temporarily held up by a fierce resistance led by the Yongzhou governor Su Jian, who with three thousand soldiers prevented the city from falling for forty-two days.
April 1076: When Song forces attempted to challenge Lý Thường Kiệt's forces, the latter retreated from Yongzhou, with their spoils of war and thousands of prisoners.
January 1083: As a result of mounting casualties on both sides, Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song in 1077. Captured territories held by both Song and Vietnamese were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war.
2.1.Chinese Counterattack
Was a counterattack by the Chinese Song Dynasty against the invading armies of Đại Việt.
January 1078: The Song regained Quảng Nguyên prefecture.
January 1078: By 1077, the Song had destroyed two other Vietnamese armies and marched towards their capital at Thăng Long. Song forces were halted at the Nhu Nguyệt River.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
3.1.Invasions of Vietnam
Were a series of military campaigny of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam). Vietnam was finally made a vassal of the Mongols.
3.1.1.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1258
Was the first invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1258: After the battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên King Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island, while the Mongols occupied the capital city Thăng Long.
3.1.2.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259
Was a Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259.
January 1259: The loss of the capital city led Trần Thái Tông to submit to the Mongol Empire.
3.1.3.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1285
Was the second major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1267: In 1266, the Vietnamese monarch Trần Thánh Tông (son of Trần Thái Tông) agreed in 1266 to acknowledge the overlordship of Kublai Khan, however in the following year, he rejected the "Six-Duties of a vassal state" of the Mongol Emperor gave, included the permit the stationing of a darughachi (regional general) with authority over the local administration.
January 1285: Yuan troops crossed the Friendship Pass (Sino-Vietnamese border's gate).
June 1285: In the Red River Delta, the combined Yuan land forces attacked the Vietnamese forces by land and river, destroyed several Vietnamese catapults (Hu dun pao) along the Red River, successful captured Đại Việt's capital Thăng Long and drove the Vietnamese forces and the Royal family to the coast.
June 1285: In 1285, during the Mongol invasion of Vietnam, Prime Minister Quang Khải of the Trần Dynasty led a successful counterattack at Chương Dương and Vạn Kiếp against the Yuan forces commanded by Toghan. This victory forced the Yuan to retreat back to China on June 9, 1285.
3.1.4.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1287-88
Was the third major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
November 1287: The Yuan Dynasty, led by Emperor Kublai Khan, successfully invaded Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) in 1287, looting the capital of Đại Việt. This marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion efforts.
May 1288: At the Bạch Đằng River, in April 1288, the Vietnamese prince Trần Hưng Đạo ambushed Omar's Yuan fleet in the third Battle of Bạch Đằng. The Vietnamese forces placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes. Omar himself was taken as a prisoner of war. The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
4.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
4.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
Was a military campaign against the kingdom of Đại Ngu (present-day northern Vietnam) under the Hồ dynasty by the Ming dynasty of China.
November 1406: In 1406, the Ming dynasty, led by Emperor Yongle, conquered Da Bang and Dong Kinh (Hanoi) as part of their military expansion into Southeast Asia. This marked a significant shift in regional power dynamics and control over the territory.
November 1406: In 1406, Ming Chinese forces led by General Chen Li captured the two capitals, Thang Long and Hoa Lu, along with other key cities in the Red River Delta region. This military occupation marked the beginning of Ming China's control over the area.
January 1407: By late January 1407, the Ming armies had taken control of the Red River Delta.
June 1407: Hồ Quý Ly and his son Hồ Hán Thương were captured by the Ming on 16 June 1407.
Was a military conflict precipitated by the invasion of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang by the Vietnamese Đại Việt Empire.
January 1480: The Vietnamese sacked Lan Xang’s capital, Xieng Dong Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang).
February 1480: The Vietnamese army leaves ieng Dong Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang).
Were a series of armed conflicts between the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom and Rattanakosin Kingdom and the various dynasties of Vietnam mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
7.1.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1785)
Was a war that started with the first Siamese invasion of Southern Vietnam.
November 1784: By the end of 1784, the Siamese had taken Rạch Giá, Trấn Giang, Ba Thắc, Trà Ôn, Sa Đéc, Mân Thít, and controlled Hà Tiên, An Giang and Vĩnh Long.
January 1785: Siam launched an invasion again and occupied part of the Cuu Long Delta, but was defeated by Nguyen Hue in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút.
7.2.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-34)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
7.2.1.Siamese Invasion
Was a large-scale Siamese invasion of Vietnam during the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834) and the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-1845).
February 1833: In 1833, Phraklang, the Siamese military leader, led his fleet up the Vĩnh Tế Canal and captured Châu Đốc in An Giang Province. This marked the beginning of Siam's military occupation of the territory.
February 1833: In 1833, the Siamese forces, led by King Rama III, quickly took control of Hà Tiên, a territory that was previously under the rule of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. This military occupation marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
February 1833: The Siamese reached the Vàm Nao Canal or Thuận Cảng Canal in January 1833.
November 1841: The Vietnamese retreated in front of the invadinf Siamese forces, leaving Cambodia in Siamese hands. Vietnamese Viceroy Trương Minh Giảng evacuated Phnom Penh and committed suicide.
February 1842: At the An Giang front, Chao Phraya Yommaraj Bunnag and Prince Ang Duong had led Siamese armies in January 1842 to take the Vĩnh Tế Canal and An Giang province, penetrating into Hậu Giang Province.
May 1842: Tôn Thất Nghị and Nguyễn Công Nhân pushed the Siamese back. The Siamese were defeated at Châu Đốc.
7.2.2.Vietnamese offensives
Were a series of offensive by the Vietnamese Nguyen Dynasty against the Siamese invasion during the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834).
March 1834: After the Battle of Vàm Nao, the Siamese retreated to Châu Đốc in february 1834.
March 1834: Phraklang retreated further to Hà Tiên through the Vĩnh Tế Canal.
April 1834: The Vietnamese led by Trương Minh Giảng reconquered Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên, causing the Siamese army to evacuate all the occupied territories.
July 1834: Siamese army to capture Muang Phuan, defeating the Vietnamese forces.
7.3.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-45)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
June 1845: In 1845, Doãn Uẩn, a general of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam, captured Kampong Trabaek, a strategic territory in Cambodia. This event marked the expansion of Nguyễn Dynasty's influence in the region.
October 1845: Nguyễn Tri Phương, a prominent military leader of the Nguyễn Dynasty, successfully captured the city of Phnom Penh.
January 1846: After four years of attritious struggle, Siam and Vietnam agreed to a compromise peace and placed Cambodia under joint rule.
Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
8.1.Chinese Invasion of Vietnam
Was an unsuccesful invasion of Vietnam by Qing China.
December 1788: The Chinese defeated the Tây Sơn army in Lạng Sơn.
December 1788: Thăng Long was the capital of the Đại Việt kingdom, ruled by Emperor Lê Chiêu Thống. The Chinese army was led by General Sun Shiyi, who invaded the territory as part of the Qing Dynasty's expansionist policies in Southeast Asia. The occupation of Thăng Long marked a significant turning point in the region's history.
February 1789: The Lê dynasty officially ended in 1789, when the peasant uprising of the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, ironically in order to restore power to the Lê dynasty.
February 1789: Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa: Qing withdrawal from Vietnam.
Was a joint military expedition by France and Spain agains the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam. The operation was started on the pretext of the persecution of Christian missionaries but led to the French occupation of territories in Vietnam that represented the initial core of French Indochina.
February 1859: In 1859, Saigon was captured by a Franco-Spanish flotilla.
November 1859: A joint Franco-Spanish expedition under the command of Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly captured Tourane (Da Nang) in September 1858.
March 1860: French admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly was besieged in the city of Da Nangby the Vietnamese and forced eventually to evacuate it in March 1860.
April 1861: Joint French and Spanish forces captured Mỹ Tho.
December 1861: Joint French and Spanish forces captured Biên Hòa.
March 1862: Joint French and Spanish forces captured Vĩnh Long.
9.1.Treaty of Saigon
Was the war that concluded the Cochinchina campaign and created the French colony of Cochinchina.
June 1862: The war concluded with the founding of the French colony of Cochinchina. Tự Đức ceded Saigon, the island of Poulo Condor and three southern provinces of what was to become known as Cochinchina (Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh, and Dinh Tuong) to the French.
June 1862: The French established the colony of Cochinchina with the 1862 Treaty of Saigon.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
10.1.Rivière's Expedition
Was a military expedition of French officer Henri Rivière to conquer Tonkin and Annam during the Tonkin Campaign.
April 1882: The French army under Rivière captured the citadel of Hanoi, capital of Tonkin.
May 1882: In 1882, the Tonkin region was returned to the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam. The Citadel, a fortified structure, was handed back to the Vietnamese control after being under French occupation during the Tonkin Campaign.
March 1883: General Alexandre-Eugène Bouët led the 520 infantry troops from France to occupy the citadel of Nam Dinh in 1883 during the French military occupation of the territory. Bouët was a prominent French military leader known for his role in the colonization of Vietnam.
July 1883: The French position in Tonkin on Bouët's arrival in early June 1883 was extremely precarious. The French had only small garrisons in Hanoi, Haiphong and Nam Định, isolated posts at Hon Gai and at Qui Nhơn in Annam.
10.2.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
11.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
11.1.1.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
12.1.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
12.1.1.Second Sino-Japanese War
Was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.
12.1.1.1.Japanese invasion of French Indochina
Was the Japanese invasion and occupation of French Indochina.
August 1945: The Empire of Vietnam was reintegrated into French Indochina on August 23, 1945.
12.1.1.1.1.Japanese coup d'etat
Was the creation of the Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan during World War II.
March 1945: The Empire of Vietnam was a short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan.
Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
13.1.First Indochina War
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
July 1949: In 1949, France officially recognized the nominal "independence" of the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union under Bảo Đại. However, France still controlled all foreign relations and every defense issue.
March 1950: In February, Giap seized the vulnerable 150-strong French garrison at Lai Khê in Tonkin.
September 1950: Đông Khê fell to the Viet Minh on September 18.
October 1950: Lạng Sơn, a French base to the south, was abandoned to the Viet Minh.
November 1950: By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta, 4,800 French troops had been killed, captured or missing in action.
January 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
February 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
May 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
June 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
January 1952: In early 1952, the situation in Muong Khoua, a town in northern Laos, was tense as it had recently been transferred from French control to Vietnam. The area was experiencing political upheaval, with various factions vying for power, including the Viet Minh and anti-communist forces led by General Vang Pao.
January 1952: In early 1952, the territory of Muong Khoua was under the control of the Viet Minh, a communist-led organization fighting for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule. This shift in power occurred in 1951, marking a significant development in the First Indochina War.
September 1953: France was looking for a political solution to get out of Indochina and Nà Sản was abandoned in August 1953.
November 1953: The Vietnamese took Phú Thọ on November 5.
November 1953: Operation Mouette.
November 1953: Phu Doan conquered by france.
November 1953: Phú Yên conquered by france.
November 1953: Operation Pollux.
May 1954: Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
June 1954: Battle of Mang Yang Pass.
13.1.1.1954 Geneva Conference
The Geneva Accords, that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from April 26 to July 20, 1954, dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina. The dissolution of the French Empire in Southeast Asia created the states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
July 1954: The Geneva Conference involved several nations and It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War. The part of the conference that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions. The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
13.2.Vietnam War
Was a a Cold War-era proxy war between North Vietnam (supported by the USSR and China) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States) with actions taking place also in the nearby countries of Laos and Cambodia. The war ended with the reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976.
January 1960: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1959.
January 1968: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1967.
June 1969: U.S. forces abandon Hill 937 (Vietnam).
June 1969: The U.S. command ordered the capture of Hill 937 (a strategic hill in Vietnam).
January 1972: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1971.
January 1973: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1972.
January 1973: Battle of Cửa Việt.
February 1973: Battle of Cửa Việt.
April 1973: Battle of Hồng Ngự.
May 1973: Battle of Hồng Ngự.
September 1973: Battle of Trung Nghia.
October 1973: Battle of Quang Duc.
November 1973: Battle of Quang Duc.
May 1974: The People's Army of Vietnam 9th Division, led by General Van Tien Dung, captured Rach Bap and An Dien from the South Vietnamese forces.
August 1974: Battle of Phú Lộc.
November 1974: Battle of the Iron Triangle.
December 1974: Battle of Phú Lộc.
January 1975: Battle of Phước Long.
March 1975: Communist expansion in Vietnam by 10 March 1975.
April 1975: Communist expansion in Vietnam by 8 April 1975.
13.2.1.Early Phase of the Vietnam War
Was the early phase of the Vietnam war with the first battles between North and South Vietnam.
March 1960: Battle of Tua Hai.
July 1964: Battle of Nam Dong.
August 1964: Battle of Nam Dong.
13.2.2.American Intervention in the early phase of the Vietnam War
Were a series of battles between North and South Vietnam that saw the latter being supported by U.S. on field troops for the first time.
June 1965: In 1965, during the Vietnam War, the Vietcong forces achieved significant conquests in the Chu Pong-Ia Drang complex. This territory was located in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam and was strategically important for both the Vietcong and the American forces led by General William Westmoreland. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, also known as North Vietnam, gained control of this area, further escalating the conflict.
June 1965: Battle of Dong Xoai.
November 1965: Battle of Ia Drang.
January 1966: Operation Crimp.
January 1967: Operation Cedar Falls.
July 1968: Battle of Khe Sanh.
13.2.3.Tet Offensive
Was a military campaign launched by forces of the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.
January 1968: Battle of Huế.
January 1968: Battle of Bến Tre.
January 1968: Battle of Quang Tri (1968).
February 1968: Battle of Bến Tre.
March 1968: Battle of Huế.
13.2.4.Easter Offensive
Was a military campaign launched by forces of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.
April 1972: Battle of Loc Ninh.
April 1972: Battle of An Lộc.
May 1972: The First Battle of Quảng Trị took place in 1972 during the Vietnam War. It was a major offensive by the North Vietnamese Army, led by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, against the South Vietnamese Army and their American allies. The battle resulted in the capture of Quảng Trị province by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
May 1972: Battle of Kontum.
May 1972: Battle of An Lộc.
June 1972: Battle of Kontum.
September 1972: Second Battle of Quảng Trị.
13.2.5.1975 Spring Offensive (Vietnam War)
Was the final North Vietnamese campaign in the Vietnam War that led to the capitulation of Republic of Vietnam.
March 1975: Battle of Ban Me Thuot.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Hue.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Qui Nhon.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Da Nang.
April 1975: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam captured Nha Trang and Nha Trang AB on 2 April.
April 1975: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam captured Phan Rang Air Base.
April 1975: Battle of Xuân Lộc.
April 1975: Fall of Siagon to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Was an armed conflict between Democratic Kampuchea, controlled by the Khmer Rouge, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
14.1.Minor Invasions (Cambodian-Vietnamese War)
Minor territorial invasions during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War of 1978-1989.
April 1977: In 1977, Cambodian troops led by the Khmer Rouge crossed into Vietnam and attacked the province of An Giang and the city of Chau Doc.
May 1977: The Vietnamese People's Army (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam or EPV) responded by massing troops on the Cambodian border, and in early May, three Vietnamese divisions crossed the border between Cambodia and Laos, penetrating 16 km into Ratanakiri province.
May 1977: The Khmer Rouge leave An Giang and the city of Chau Doc.
June 1977: Vietnamese forces leave the Ratanakiri province.
September 1977: Six Cambodian divisions trespassed ten kilometers into Tay Ninh province.
September 1977: A Vietnamese division supported by armor and aviation retook lost ground in Tay Ninh province.
September 1977: One Vietnamese division pushed as far as the town of Mimot.
September 1977: Vietnamese forces crossed for 20 km into Cambodian territory.
November 1977: A Cambodian counter-offensive drove the Vietnamese back across the border.
January 1978: The main Cambodian units deployed east of the Mekong were routed with heavy losses.
January 1978: The advancing Vietnamese units were located only 38 km from the outskirts of Phnom Penh.
February 1978: A large part of the Vietnamese occupied territory was liberated by the Cambodian departments by early February.
April 1978: The two Cambodian divisions were under the command of the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. The massacre at Ba Chúc was part of the ongoing conflict between Cambodia and Vietnam, stemming from border disputes and political tensions between the two countries.
May 1978: The two Cambodian divisions were part of the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. The massacre in Ba Chúc was part of the ongoing conflict between Cambodia and Vietnam, which eventually led to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978.
June 1978: Vietnamese occupation of Suong and Prey Veng.
July 1978: In June, after repeated airstrikes that resulted in several Cambodian casualties, a Vietnamese combat group re-invaded eastern Cambodia and took the towns of Suong and Prey Veng by the end of the month.
14.2.Vietnamese Full Scale Invasion of Cambodia
On 25 December 1978, Vietnam launched a full-scale invasion of Kampuchea (Cambodia), and subsequently occupied the country and removed the Khmer Rouge from power.
December 1978: The columns of the People's Army of Vietnam (EPV) invested the city of Takeo.
December 1978: On December 25, 1978, the Vietnamese People's Army, led by General Van Tien Dung, launched a decisive push to capture the territory of Kratie in Cambodia. The military operation involved 150,000 troops supported by artillery and aerial bombardment, resulting in the successful occupation of Kratie.
January 1979: Stung Treng fell to the Vietnamese.
January 1979: In 1979, during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, Kampong Cham's last defenders, led by Lon Nol and Pol Pot, were defeated by the Vietnamese military. This marked the beginning of Vietnam's military occupation of the territory.
January 1979: Vietnamese artillery opened fire on the capital, which was promptly abandoned by the Cambodians: on January 7, the Vietnamese entered the abandoned city.
January 1979: In 1979, during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, Kampot was captured by Vietnamese forces after two weeks of fighting and an amphibious landing of Vietnamese marines. The city fell under the military occupation of Vietnam.
January 1979: With the approval of the Vietnamese, FUNSK proclaimed the birth of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
January 1979: The Vietnamese pushed overland to Kampong Som.
January 1979: An armored column of the EPV occupied Siem Reap, the main center of western Cambodia, on 11 January 1979.
January 1979: An amphibious operation led to the capture of Ream and nearby islands on January 11, 1979.
January 1979: The border with Thailand was reached by the advancing forces of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
January 1979: On the coast, an amphibious landing by Vietnamese marines led to the occupation of Koh Kong.
April 1979: In March 1979, the Vietnamese moved some Laotian units to garrison Stung Treng and airlifted three divisions to western Cambodia for a massive sweep of the main Khmer Rouge refuges: for two months there was hard fighting near Pailin, Poipet and in the northern area of the Cardamom mountains, but although the Vietnamese inflicted heavy losses on their opponents, the guerrillas were not eradicated.
September 1989: The Hanoi government officially announced its complete withdrawal from Cambodia.
Was a border war fought between China and Vietnam in early 1979.
February 1979: Battle of Dong Dang (1979).
March 1979: Battle of Lao Cai.
March 1979: Battle of Cao Bang (1979).
March 1979: Lạng Sơn was captured by the People's Republic of China after intense fighting.
March 1979: In 1979, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China, led by Deng Xiaoping, took control of Sa Pa in Vietnam during the Sino-Vietnamese War. This military occupation was part of China's efforts to push back against Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.
March 1979: China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. The People's Liberation Army crossed the border back into China on 16 March.
January 299 BC: The Âu Việt Confederation was an ancient conglomeration of Baiyue tribes living in what is today the mountainous regions of northernmost Vietnam, western Guangdong, and northern Guangxi, China, since at least the third century BC.
January 278 BC: Dian was an ancient kingdom established by the Dian people, a group of indigenous non-Chinese metalworking tribes that inhabited around the Dian Lake plateau of central northern Yunnan, China.
January 257 BC: In 257 BC, the leader of the Âu Việt, Thục Phán, dethroned the last Hùng kings, imposed his authority over the Lạc lords then took the title of King An Dương (An Dương Vương) and established the kingdom of Âu Lạc.
January 179 BC: Âu Lạc succumbed to the state of Nanyue in 180 BC.
January 41: Vietnamese resistance to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam.
January 44: The Trung Sisters were defeated by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD.
January 193: Lâm Ấp was founded by Khu Liên, a Cham leader who led a successful rebellion against the Han dynasty in Xianglin county.
January 249: In 248, the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp, led by King Lâm Ấp Tôn, launched a successful invasion from the south, capturing a significant portion of Rinan commandery located between Quảng Bình and Bình Định provinces.
January 251: In the 4th century AD, wars with the neighbouring Kingdom of Funan in Cambodia and the acquisition of Funanese territory led to the infusion of Indian culture into Cham society.
March 446: In February 446, the Liu Song dynasty, led by General T'an Ho-ch'u, invaded the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp and captured its capital. The Chinese attackers looted the kingdom's eight temples and treasury, asserting their dominance in the region.
April 446: In February 446, the Liu Song dynasty, led by General T'an Ho-ch'u, invaded the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp and captured its capital. The Chinese attackers looted the kingdom's eight temples and treasury during the invasion.
January 530: Rudravarman of Champa founded a new dynasty in 529 CE.
January 908: In 905, the native chief Khúc Thừa Dụ of the Khúc clan came to power and proclaimed himself jiedushi. In 907 his son Khúc Hạo (Chu Hao) succeed as governor and was recognized by the Later Liang dynasty in northern China.
November 930: In October 930, Liu Yan (Southern Han State) sent an army to occupy Đại La and met no resistance.
February 939: The rebel Annamese forces, led by Ngô Quyền defeated the invading forces of the Southern Han state of China and put an end to centuries of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam. The Ngô Dynasty (939-965), founded by Ngô Quyền, was the first Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
March 939: The rebel Annamese forces, led by Ngô Quyền defeated the invading forces of the Southern Han state of China and put an end to centuries of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam. The Ngô Dynasty (939-965), founded by Ngô Quyền, was the first Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
February 968: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established the Đinh dynasty.
January 981: Đinh Phế Đế, ceded the throne to Lê Hoàn, who established the Early Lê dynasty.
January 1001: Towards the 11th century, the emerging Khmer Empire extended its influence north to conquer Vientiane, as confirmed by Khmer inscriptions found in the central Wat Simuang temple.
November 1009: The Lý dynasty ruled the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1009, when Lý Công Uẩn overthrew the Early Lê dynasty.
January 1070: There was an attack on the Champa kingdom and its capital, Vijaya, from Vietnam in 1069 (under the reign of Lý Nhân Tông) to punish Champa for armed raiding in Vietnam. The Cham king Rudravarman III was defeated and captured and offered Champa's three northern provinces to Vietnam (present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces).
January 1225: The Lý dynasty ended in 1225, when the queen Lý Chiêu Hoàng (then 8 years old) was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her husband, Trần Cảnh.
January 1301: By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled most of present-day Thailand.
January 1307: In 1306, the king of Champa, Chế Mân, offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures, Ô and Lý, in exchange for a marriage with the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân. Anh Tông accepted this offer, then took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture to Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture. These two prefectures soon began to be referred to collectively as the Thuận Hóa region.
March 1400: The end of the Trần dynasty came on the 28th day of the second lunar month (Gregorian: March 23) 1400, when Hồ Quý Ly decided to overthrow Thiếu Đế and established a new dynasty, the Hồ.
January 1403: In 1402, the army of the Hồ dynasty, led by general Đỗ Mãn, made significant advances against Champa. As a result, the Champa king was forced to cede a large territory to Vietnam. This event took place in the region marked as 1407 on the map.
January 1428: The fourth Chinese occupation of Vietnam was eventually ended with the reestablishment of Đại Việt under the new House of Lê.
January 1472: In the Cham-Vietnamese War (AD 1471), Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near Nha Trang.
January 1654: Kauthara was annexed by the Vietnamese in 1653.
January 1701: In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene.
January 1706: In 1705 the garrison and settlement were destroyed.
January 1708: Protectorate of Vietnam (1707-1832).
January 1786: In 1785, the Principality of Hà Tiên in Vietnam was placed under the protectorate of Siam, which lasted until 1809. This period marked a time of influence and control by Siam over the territory, with significant implications for the local governance and administration of Hà Tiên.
January 1788: In 1787, through the Treaty of Versailles, Nguyễn Ánh (the future Emperor Gia Long) promised to cede Poulo Condor to the French.
June 1802: The dynastic rule began with Gia Long ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous Tây Sơn dynasty.
January 1810: In 1809, the Principality of Hà Tiên in Vietnam took over the territory that was previously under the Protectorate of Siam from 1785 to 1809. This transfer of power occurred during the reign of King Rama I of Siam and Emperor Gia Long of Vietnam.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1833: The Principality of Hà Tiên (Vietnam) was annexed by the Nguyễn Dynasty.
January 1833: The last remaining principality of Champa, Panduranga, reigned until 1832.
January 1833: The Nguyễnn Lords of Hue by diplomacy and by force wrested the southernmost territory from Cambodia, completing the "March to the South".
January 1835: Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834): Upon the outbreak of a general uprising in Cambodia (and Laos) the Siamese army withdrew and Vietnam was left in control of Cambodia.
August 1863: With the establishment of the French protectorate, the borders of Cambodia wer fixed. Several minor territories were de facto annexed by the Rattanakosin Kingdom and by Vietnam.
August 1863: The protectorate was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
January 1865: After the Taiping Rebellion was crushed in 1864, one of the rebel groups, Chinese marauders of the Ho - a so-called flag gang - fled to Tonking on the upper part of the Red River. There the Black Flags under Liu Yongfu controlled the course of the river between Sơn Tây and Lào Cai and achieved a certain independence.
July 1976: The Vietnam War ended on 30 April 1975 and saw South Vietnam come under the control of a Provisional Revolutionary Government, which led to the reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976, creating the Socialist Republic of Vietnam of today.
Selected Sources
Fall, B.B. (1967): Street Without Joy, 4.Edition. Stackpole, Harrisburg
Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State, May 7,1954 (1). Yale Law School. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/inch022.asp
Kinder, H. / Hilgemann, W. (1985): Von der Französischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart in dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Band 2, 20. Edition, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1985, p. 514
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
Tertrais, H. / Mazoyer, K. (2004): Atlas des guerres d'Indochine, 1940-1990. De l'Indochine française à l'ouverture internationale, Éd. Autrement, Paris, p. 35
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.551
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