Invasions of Vietnam
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Were a series of military campaigny of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam). Vietnam was finally made a vassal of the Mongols.
Chronology
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Was the first invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1258: After the battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên King Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island, while the Mongols occupied the capital city Thăng Long.
Was a Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1259.
January 1259: The loss of the capital city led Trần Thái Tông to submit to the Mongol Empire.
Was the second major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1267: In 1266, the Vietnamese monarch Trần Thánh Tông (son of Trần Thái Tông) agreed in 1266 to acknowledge the overlordship of Kublai Khan, however in the following year, he rejected the "Six-Duties of a vassal state" of the Mongol Emperor gave, included the permit the stationing of a darughachi (regional general) with authority over the local administration.
January 1285: Yuan troops crossed the Friendship Pass (Sino-Vietnamese border's gate).
June 1285: In the Red River Delta, the combined Yuan land forces attacked the Vietnamese forces by land and river, destroyed several Vietnamese catapults (Hu dun pao) along the Red River, successful captured Đại Việt's capital Thăng Long and drove the Vietnamese forces and the Royal family to the coast.
June 1285: In 1285, during the Mongol invasion of Vietnam, Prime Minister Quang Khải of the Trần Dynasty led a successful counterattack at Chương Dương and Vạn Kiếp against the Yuan forces commanded by Toghan. This victory forced the Yuan to retreat back to China on June 9, 1285.
Was the invasion of Champa (central Vietnam) by the Mongols.
April 1284: Sogetu asked for reinforcements from Kublai but sailed home in March 1284.
February 1283: Sogetu's fleet arrived and landed in Champa's capital Vijaya in 17 February 1283, and captured the city two days later.
Was the third major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
November 1287: The Yuan Dynasty, led by Emperor Kublai Khan, successfully invaded Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) in 1287, looting the capital of Đại Việt. This marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion efforts.
May 1288: At the Bạch Đằng River, in April 1288, the Vietnamese prince Trần Hưng Đạo ambushed Omar's Yuan fleet in the third Battle of Bạch Đằng. The Vietnamese forces placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes. Omar himself was taken as a prisoner of war. The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.
