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The cluster includes all the forms of the country. The country became later mostly known as Hanover.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Electorate of Hanover
Electorate of Hanover (England)
Kingdom of Hanover (England)
Kingdom of Hanover
Establishment
August 1705: Effective separation of Braunschweig after the union of Calenberg and Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1705.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
1.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
1.1.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
1.1.1.1.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1712: In 1712, Ottersberg and Verden were occupied by Kurhannover, led by Elector George Louis. The occupation was a response to the Danish increase in power, as Kurhannover did not want to be cut off from the sea again. This move was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during that time.
May 1715: Following Prussian and Hanoverian occupation, Denmark ceded Bremen-Verden to Hanover on May 2, 1715 in exchange for a compensation payment.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
2.1.Treaty of Rastatt
Was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries.
August 1714: The Electorate of Hanover was in personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since 1714.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
3.1.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
3.1.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
August 1757: The French army captured the city of Hanover on 11 August.
September 1757: On 10 September at Klosterzeven the British and French signed the Convention of Klosterzeven which secured the immediate end of hostilities. The terms called for several conditions. The national contingents from Brunswick and Hesse would return to their homelands. Half the Hanoverian force would be interned at Stade, while the remainder were to withdraw across the River Elbe. Most of Hanover would be under French occupation, except for a demilitarised zone. The French would evacuate the Duchy of Bremen, provided the British withdrew their ships from the River Weser.
3.1.2.Counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany
Was the Prussian and British counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
April 1758: The British and Hanoverian forces drove the French back across the River Rhine so that by the spring Hanover had been liberated.
June 1758: The duke then crossed the Rhine, beating the numerically superior forces of Louis of Bourbon-Condé in the Battle of Krefeld on June 23 and occupying Düsseldorf.
July 1758: Despites having defeated the French, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel decided to leave Düsseldorf.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
February 1803: With the German Mediatisation of 1803, Oldenburg acquired the Oldenburg Münsterland and the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck.
January 1804: The Osnabrück Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
January 1807: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the territory of Hannover. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Tilsit.
4.1.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
4.1.1.Offensive in Hanover (Franco-Swedish War)
Were a series of battles in the region of Lauenburg during the Franco-Swedish War.
September 1806: During the summer of 1806, Prussia, under the leadership of King Frederick William III, formed the Fourth Coalition against France, led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. As a result, Sweden, under King Gustav IV Adolf, was granted the right to occupy Lauenburg, a territory located in northern Germany.
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. The territory of Lauenburg was subsequently taken over by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
4.2.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
October 1813: Napoleon is defeated in Leipzig by the Coalition forces. The French Army is forced to leave Germany.
4.3.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
October 1814: The Kingdom of Hanover was established in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna as the successor state to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This territory was given to the Kingdom of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover, a British royal family.
October 1814: After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, George III regained his lands in Hanover and acquired additional territories from Prussia, becoming the King of Hanover.
October 1814: The "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences (Congress of Vienna) settling the future shape of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars.
January 1815: In 1814 the Kingdom of Hanover bartered Saxe-Lauenburg against Prussian East Frisia.
June 1815: Lingen fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: The "Electorate of Hanover" was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences of Vienna.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
5.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
5.1.1.Front in Hannover (Austro-Prussian War)
Was the Hannoverian front of the Austro-Prussian War.
June 1866: On June 29, 1866, Hanover's army capitulates due to military exhaustion, Hanover is annexed by Prussia.
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1828: In 1827 the state of Bremen bought a tract of land from the Kingdom of Hanover, where future Bremerhaven would be established.
June 1837: The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle thus became the ruler of Hanover.
Disestablishment
June 1866: On June 29, 1866, Hanover's army capitulates due to military exhaustion, Hanover is annexed by Prussia.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 46-47
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.302
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