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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
County of Württemberg
Duchy of Württemberg
Electorate of Württemberg
Kingdom of Württemberg
Establishment
January 1136: Establishment of the County of Württemberg.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
1.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
1.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
1.1.1.1.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
1.1.2.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
1.1.2.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1635: In 1634, Schorndorf was occupied by Sweden.
September 1635: Imperials under Matthias Gallas liberate Swedish-occupied Schorndorf (east of Stuttgart).
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
1.1.2.2.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
December 1638: France occupies Breisach.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
January 1677: Imperial forces recaptured Philippsburg in September 1676.
2.1.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
3.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
October 1703: Marshal Tallard, a French military leader, captured Breisach am Rhein in September 1703.
3.2.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
4.1.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: The County of Horburg had been under French sovereignty since 1748 and was ceded to France along with the other possessions on the left bank of the Rhine in 1793.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
November 1802: As part of the secularization, ownership of the Rottenmuenster monastery was taken over by Württemberg on November 23, 1802.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Zwiefalten was secularized and suppressed, leading to its transfer to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the secularization process in Germany, which aimed to transfer ecclesiastical territories to secular rulers.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Heilbronn was transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the territorial changes that occurred in Germany during the Napoleonic Wars, with Württemberg gaining control over various regions previously under different rulers.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Esslingen was transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was made as part of the territorial reorganization in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1803: The Imperial City of Aalen is acquired by the Duchy of Württemberg.
January 1803: Rottweil acquired by the Duchy of Württemberg.
February 1803: In 1803, Reutlingen was transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the territorial rearrangements in Europe following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
February 1803: In 1803, as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, territories of Hall, Gmünd and Giengen were transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of a series of territorial reorganizations in the Holy Roman Empire led by Napoleon Bonaparte.
February 1803: The Ellwangen Imperial Monastery is secularised to Württemberg.
February 1803: In 1803, Buchhorn (Ravensburg) was transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the territorial rearrangements in Germany following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
February 1803: Reichsdeputationsschluss: the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.
February 1803: In 1803, the imperial city of Weil was transferred to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the territorial rearrangements in Europe following the Treaty of Lunéville, which aimed to compensate various German states for territories lost to France.
January 1804: In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte elevated the Duchy of Württemberg to the Electorate of Württemberg, granting it the highest status within the Holy Roman Empire. This change in status was significant for the ruling family of Württemberg, the House of Württemberg.
January 1806: Schramberg was incorporated into the Electorate of Württemberg in 1805 in the course of mediatization.
January 1807: In 1806, due to the Rhine Confederation Act, Scheer came to the Kingdom of Württemberg and was assigned to the Oberamt Saulgau.
January 1807: Kurfuerstentum Baden annexed to Wurttemberg.
January 1807: In 1806, the different Hohenlohe territories, ruled by the Hohenlohe family, were divided between the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Kingdom of Bavaria as a result of the territorial changes brought about by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1807: In 1806 Weingarten Abbey became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg.
January 1807: The Kurpfalz-Bayern came to the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806 through an exchange of territory.
January 1807: In the year of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803, the 475 square kilometer Principality of Waldburg was formed, which, however, was mediated as early as 1806 and fell mostly to the Kingdom of Württemberg and a smaller part to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
January 1807: In 1806, the territory of Isny (Rst.) was transferred to the Kingdom of Württemberg. This decision was a result of the Treaty of Pressburg, signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Emperor Francis II of Austria.
January 1807: The Limpurg County is acquired by the Kingdom of Württemberg.
January 1810: From 1526 to 1809 Mergentheim was the headquarters of the Teutonic Order [...] Since 1809 the city belonged to the Kingdom of Württemberg and became the seat of the Württemberg Oberamt of the same name.
January 1811: Bopfingen, Leutkirch, Ravensburg, Ulm and Wangen are annexed by the Kingdom of Württemberg.
January 1811: Parts of Bavaria are transferred to Württemberg.
5.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
5.1.1.Rhine campaign of 1796
Were a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
July 1796: French conquest of Cannstadt.
August 1796: French forces occupy Neresheim.
5.1.2.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
5.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
5.2.1.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1799: On 1 March 1799, the French Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel.
March 1799: At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21-22 March 1799, French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch.
May 1800: After French general Claude Lecourbe had captured Stockach, the Austrians led by general Paul Kray retreated to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
5.2.2.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
5.3.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
5.3.1.Ulm Campaign
Was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition. It took place in the vicinity of and inside the city of Ulm.
October 1805: The French army crossed the Danube at Donauwörth.
October 1805: By 10 October French officer Loison's division held Elchingen.
5.3.2.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: In exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon allowed Frederick to raise Württemberg to a kingdom on 26 December 1805.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: After the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Further Austria was entirely dissolved and the former Habsburg territories were assigned to the Grand Duchy of Baden (Breisgau), the Kingdom of Württemberg (Rottenburg and Horb) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (Weitnau Günzburg, Weißenhorn). Minor estates passed to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
6.1.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
6.1.1.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1274: The Staufen emperors slowly transferred most non-military powers over the Imperial Possessions to local lords.
January 1318: In 1317 Metzingen went to the Counts of Württemberg.
January 1325: The County of Horburg, named after the main town, came to the Counts of Württemberg in 1324 and was thus one of the estates on the left bank of the Rhine, along with the County of Montbéliard and the Lordship of Reichenweier.
January 1340: The town and castle of Vaihingen were originally under the control of the Margrave of Baden. In 1334, they were transferred to the Counts of Oettingen and later in 1339, they were acquired by the Counts of Württemberg.
January 1343: The County Palatine of Tübingen was sold to the County of Württemberg (1342).
January 1345: Count Heinrich von Veringen was forced to sell his county to his distant Württemberg relatives.
January 1364: Nagold is sold to Württemberg.
January 1365: The ruling dynasty of Calw get extincted and the county went to Württemberg.
January 1379: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV century.
January 1382: The County of Württemberg acquired Teck.
January 1400: In Stuttgart could not do much with the lordship of Veringen, which was located away from the heartland, and in 1399 it was pledged to Count Eberhard von Werdenberg.
January 1419: Welzheim is sold to Württemberg.
January 1440: This line of the family died out in 1439, and the Württembergers bought the dominion around the Lupfen.
January 1474: Between 1301 and 1473, the town of Sulz was the seat of the Geroldsecker line, which lived here, but in the 15th century, despite inheritance, experienced a steady economic decline and finally they had to sell it to Württemberg in 1473 under massive pressure.
July 1495: On July 21, 1495, Württemberg was made a duchy by the Roman-German king Maximilian I at the Reichstag in Worms.
January 1505: Löwenstein fell to Württemberg.
January 1518: The line of Helfenstein died out in 1517 with George I.
January 1520: Württemberg proper is acquired by Austria.
January 1535: The Duchy of Württemberg is restored.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1752: The Justingen Lordship is sold to Württemberg.
January 1807: In 1806, the territory of Thurn und Taxis was transferred to the Kingdom of Württemberg..
Disestablishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Selected Sources
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 30-31
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 38-39
Fournier. A (1913): Napoleon I. Eine Biographie, Vienna (Austria), p. 255
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Gagliardo, J. (1980): Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Bloomington (USA), p. 192
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 144-145
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 146-147
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, Munich (Germany), pp. 791-792
O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.
Phillipson, C. (2008): Termination of War and Treaties of Peace, Clark (USA), p. 273
Poole, R.L. (1902): Historical Atlas of Modern Europe, Oxford (United Kingdom), Plate XI
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Schmiele, E. (1887): Zur Geschichte des schwedisch-polnischen Krieges von 1655 bis 1660, Berlin (Germany), p. 5
Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
württemberg
