If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages. The period of union with Lithuania is covered in the cluster poland-lithuania.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Poland
Kingdom of Poland
Poland (Bohemia)
Kingdom of Poland (Hungary)
Polish Insurgents
Duchy of Warsaw
Congress Poland
Poland (Germany)
Second Polish Republic
Polish People's Republic
Republic of Poland
Establishment
January 961: Mieszko I of Poland was the first historical ruler of the Polans (later called Poland). He was responsible for the introduction and subsequent spread of Christianity in Poland. During his long reign most of the territories inhabited by Polish tribes and other West Slavs were temporarily added to his territory into a single Polish state.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a military expedition by the Polish ruler Bolesław the Brave in the Kievan Rus´.
July 1018: The army of Bolesław of Poland crossed the border in 1018 and reached Kiev later that same year. The Battle of the River Bug occurred around July 23.
August 1018: Kiev, which suffered from fires caused by the Pecheneg siege, surrendered upon seeing the main Polish army.
December 1018: It is not known how long Polish duke Bolesław remained in and around Kiev. Bolesław in fact departed within a few months and, as Thietmar died on December 1, 1018, Bolesław must have been back in Poland a good time before December.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
2.1.Mongol Invasions of Poland
Were a series of Mongol raids in Poland.
January 1287: In 1286, Talabuga, a Mongol general, and Nogai, a prominent Mongol leader, launched a devastating attack on Poland as part of the Golden Horde's expansionist campaigns. The invasion resulted in widespread destruction and plundering of the Polish territory.
February 1287: In 1286, Mongol generals Talabuga and Nogai led an attack on Poland, causing widespread devastation in the country. This event marked a period of conflict between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Poland.
2.1.1.First Mongol Invasion of Poland
The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies.
November 1240: The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1240-1241 was led by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. The fragmented Polish forces, led by Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, were defeated at the Battle of Legnica. This invasion was part of the larger Mongol Empire's campaign of conquest in Europe.
January 1242: News that the Grand Khan Ögedei had died the previous year along with disagreements between the Mongol princes Batu, Guyuk, and Buri caused the descendants of the Grand Khan to return to the Mongol capital of Karakorum, leaving the Polish territories they had occupied.
2.1.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Poland
The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
January 1260: The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259-1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time.
February 1260: End of the second Mongol invasion of Poland.
2.1.3.Third Mongol Invasion of Poland
The third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Nogai Khan and Talabuga in 1287-1288. As in the second invasion, its purpose was to loot Lesser Poland.
December 1287: The third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Nogai Khan and Talabuga in 1287.1288. Its purpose was to loot Lesser Poland.
January 1288: Mongol forces leave Poland after looting the region.
2.2.Mongol Invasions of Germany
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
2.2.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
Were a series of Wars between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. .
3.1.Polish-Teutonic War (1326-1332)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia.
January 1327: King Władysław I of Poland received assistance from Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania and King Charles I of Hungary. Together, they launched a successful campaign against the Teutonic Order, pillaging the Kulmerland of Teutonic Prussia up to the Osa River near Grudziądz in 1326.
January 1327: King John the Blind of Luxembourg and Bohemia marched against Kraków.
January 1327: In 1326, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Werner von Orseln, pillaged and conquered the Polish Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land. This marked a significant expansion of the Teutonic Knights' territory in Eastern Europe.
January 1327: The Bohemian king, at the time the head of the Luxembourg Dynasty, vassalized many of the Duchies of Silesia.
January 1327: King John the Blind of Luxembourg marched against Kraków.
January 1327: In 1326, King Władysław I of Poland, with support from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led forces to devastate the Neumark region.
February 1327: End of Polish raid in Neumark.
February 1327: King John the Blind of Luxembourg and Bohemia marched against Kraków.
February 1327: In 1327, King Władysław I of Poland received assistance from Lithuania and Hungary to raid the Kulmerland of Teutonic Prussia up to the Osa River near Grudziądz.
January 1331: After years of conflict, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Werner von Orseln, agreed to a temporary peace with King Casimir III of Poland in 1330. As part of the agreement, the Order returned control of the Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land to the Kingdom of Poland.
September 1331: After the indecisive Battle of Płowce in 1331, the Teutonic Order gained the upper hand against Poland and retook the Kuyavian region and the Dobrzyń Land
July 1343: In 1343, the territorial claims of Poland and the Teutonic Order were settled in the Peace of Kalisz. King Casimir III the Great, relinquishes Pomerelia, Chełmno Land and Michałów Land, in return for which he regains Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land from the State of the Teutonic Order.
Were several wars fought in the years 1340-1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia.
August 1340: Casimir III of Poland invaded the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. After four weeks he reached an agreement with local nobles and their leader Dmytro Dedko: in return for their services, local nobles would enjoy protection from the Polish king.
April 1341: During the winter of 1340-1341, the Golden Horde (probably with Lithuanian help) attacked Poland and reached Lublin as a result of diminished tribute from the principality to the Mongol khan. The raid weakened Polish influence in the principality.
May 1341: During the winter of 1340-1341, the Golden Horde (probably with Lithuanian help) attacked Poland and reached Lublin as a result of diminished tribute from the principality to the Mongol khan. The raid weakened Polish influence in the principality.
January 1345: Direct conflict between Poland and Lithuania renewed, but soon a peace treaty was signed: Volhynia was assigned to Liubartas and Galicia to Casimir.
February 1348: After the Lithuanians were defeated in the Battle of Strėva by the Teutonic Knights in 1348, Liubartas lost all territories except for eastern Volhynia with Lutsk to Casimir .
November 1352: Another truce, rather favorable to the Lithuanians, was signed in fall 1352: Lubartas received not only Volhynia and Podolia, but also Belz and Chełm.
November 1366: In fall 1366, a treaty was signed by Poland and Lithuania: Liubartas of Lithuania retained only eastern Volhynia with Lutsk.
January 1371: In 1370, Liubartas took advantage of Casimir's death and captured all of Volhynia, including Volodymyr-Volynskyi.
January 1371: Louis was promised the territories if Casimir died without an heir. After Casimir's death, Between 1370 and 1387 Galicia was ruled by the Hungarian crown.
January 1377: In 1376 the war resumed: Liubartas, Kęstutis, and Yuri of Belz attacked Sandomierz and Tarnów, reaching as far as Kraków.
February 1377: In 1376, the war resumed between the Kingdom of Poland (Hungary) and the Lithuanian rulers Liubartas, Kęstutis, and Yuri of Belz. They attacked Sandomierz, Tarnów, and even reached Kraków, causing turmoil in the region.
4.1.Union of Krewo
Was a treaty that created a personal union between Poland and Lithuania.
August 1385: Union of Krewo: Personal union of poland and lithuania.
Expansion during the rule of Gediminas in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1341: Expansion of Lithuania by 1340.
Expansion during the rule of Algirdas in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1353: Eventually by the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided up the region between them: King Casimir III took Galicia and Western Volhynia, while the sister state of Eastern Volhynia together with Kyiv came under Lithuanian control, 1352-66.
January 1363: Expansion of Lithuania by 1362.
January 1364: Western Podolia conquered by Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Prussian territories in Poland. The revolt was caused by the first two partitions of Poland.
7.1.Revolt proper (Kościuszko Uprising)
On 24 March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced a general uprising of Poland-Lithuania against Russia and Prussia.
March 1794: Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced the general uprising in a speech in the Kraków town square and assumed the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.
April 1794: By early April the Polish forces concentrated in the lands of Lublin and Volhynia,.
April 1794: On 17 April in Warsaw, the Russian attempt to arrest those suspected of supporting the insurrection and to disarm the weak Polish garrison of Warsaw under Gen. Stanisław Mokronowski by seizing the arsenal at Miodowa Street resulted in an uprising against the Russian garrison of Warsaw.
April 1794: In 1794, Jakub Jasiński led an uprising in Wilno (Vilnius) against the Russian Empire.
June 1794: The Prussian army captured Kraków unopposed.
August 1794: In 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising, the opposition in Lithuania, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, was crushed by Russian forces. Vilnius, also known as Wilno, was besieged and eventually capitulated to the Russian military occupation.
October 1794: A Polish corps under Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz and entered Pomerania almost unopposed.
November 1794: On November 4 the joint Russian forces started the Battle of Praga, after the name of the right-bank suburb of Warsaw where it took place. After four hours of brutal hand-to-hand fighting, the 22,000-strong Russian forces broke through the Polish defences and Suvorov allowed his Cossacks to loot and burn Warsaw. Approximately 20,000 were murdered in the Praga massacre.
November 1794: The commander of the Kościuszko Uprising, Tomasz Wawrzecki, surrendered to Russian and Prussian forces Radoszyce.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1813: Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon in 1807, was occupied by Prussian forces under General Ludwig Yorck and Russian troops led by General Mikhail Barclay de Tolly in 1812.
8.1.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
8.1.1.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807. It awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia. In addition, Białystok was given to Russia (which led to the creation of the Belostok Oblast).
July 1807: After the defeat of King Frederick William III of Prussia at the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, according to the Franco-Prussian Treaty of Tilsit of 9 July 1807, the territory of the free state was carved out from lands that made up part of the West Prussia province.
July 1807: Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon created a new Duchy of Warsaw.
July 1807: The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
July 1807: Peace of Tilsit.
July 1807: The Peace of Tilsit was signed in 1807 between Emperor Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. The treaty divided Europe into spheres of influence, with the Duchy of Warsaw being created out of Prussian territory as a French client state.
8.2.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
8.2.1.Austro-Polish War
Was a war between the Austrian Empire and the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw.
April 1809: After the Battle of Raszyn on 19 April, where Poniatowski's Polish troops brought an Austrian force twice their number to a standstill (but neither side defeated the other decisively), the Polish forces nonetheless retreated, allowing the Austrians to occupy the Duchy's capital, Warsaw.
May 1809: Polish forces took the major cities of Lublin.
May 1809: In 1809, Sandomierz was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw.
May 1809: Zamość conquered by france.
May 1809: Lwów conquered by france.
June 1809: The Austrians abandoned Warsaw on 1 June.
June 1809: The Austrian main army under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph, unable to push further on the left bank, and in danger of having its supply lines cut by Poniatowski, was forced to abandon the siege of Toruń.
June 1809: The Austrians took back Sandomierz and Lwów.
July 1809: Kielce and Kraków conquered by france.
8.2.2.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. West Galicia was ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
8.3.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: Establishment of the free city of Hamburg after the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the territory of Nain went to the Kingdom of Prussia, specifically outside the German Confederation. This decision was made by the European powers to reorganize the political landscape of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
June 1815: Fulda fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: In the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Poland was formally partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire.
March 1832: The Russian Emperor Nicholas I decreed that henceforth Russian-occupied Poland would lose its autonomy and become an integral part of the Russian Empire. The Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland replaced the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire with the "eternal incorporation" of Poland into Russia.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
10.1.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
July 1920: Conference of Ambassadors in Spa, Belgium. Division of Orawa and Cieszyn between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
10.1.1.Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.
10.1.1.Polish-Ukrainian War
Was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).
February 1919: Ukrainians managed to surround Lviv on three sides.
March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
June 1919: By June 27 the Ukrainian forces had advanced 120 km along the Dnister river and on another they had advanced 150 km, past the town of Brody.
July 1919: The Ukrainian Galician Army and ZUNR leadership were pushed back to the line of the Zbruch river on 16-18 July, after which ZUNR was occupied by Poland.
10.1.2.Hungarian-Romanian War
Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
10.1.2.1.Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath
The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
10.1.3.Lithuanian War of Independence
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.
January 1919: The German occupying army withdrew from Vilnius and turned the city over to local Polish self-defense forces.
10.1.3.1.Lithuanian-Soviet War
Was a war between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR. Russia considerd Lithuania, that had recently declared independence, a secessionist state. At the end of the war Russia recognized the independency of Lithuania.
January 1919: Vilnius was captured by the Soviet Red Army.
July 1920: Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia. In exchange for Lithuania's neutrality and permission to move its troops in the territory that was recognised during its war against Poland, Soviet Russia recognized the sovereignty of Lithuania. Lithuania officially maintained that its de jure borders were those delineated by the treaty although a large territory, the Vilnius Region, was controlled by Poland.
10.1.3.2.Polish-Lithuanian War
Was a war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I.
January 1920: On October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed by Poland and Lithuania, establishing a truce, known as the Suwałki Agreement: it temporarily accepted the Foch Line.
July 1920: Augustów conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: Lithuanians conquered Suwalki.
August 1920: The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment assaulted the Lithuanian defenders of the city of Augustów by surprise and disarmed a company of the 10th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment, securing control of the town.
August 1920: On August 31, Sejny was conquered by the Polish army.
August 1920: Polish Colonel Nieniewski entered the city of Suwałki with his soldiers.
September 1920: The Lithuanian army reached Augustów.
September 1920: The Lithuanian forces advancing from Sejny were routed and Augustów again fell into Polish hands.
September 1920: Polish forces recaptured Sejny.
September 1920: End of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
September 1920: Sejny is acquired by Poland at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
10.1.4.Greater Poland uprising (1918-19)
Was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region against German rule.
December 1918: The Polish uprising against German authorities broke out on 27 December 1918 in Poznań. Fighting also start in other towns: Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are captured.
December 1918: The Poles captured Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and other towns.
December 1918: In Poznań, the Poles forced the German 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, the regiment leaved the city with their weapons.
December 1918: The Poles capture Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcz.
December 1918: The Poles capture Kościan, Oborniki Wielkopolskie, Ostrów Wielkopolski.
January 1919: The Second Polish Republic captured Jarocin, Krotoszyn and Mogilno.
January 1919: Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by the Poles.
January 1919: Inowrocław conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
January 1919: The Poles recaptured Chodzież Battle of Chodzież and Czarnków. They also win the Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
January 1919: The Poles lose Nakło to the Germans.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Sarnowa and win the Battle of Zbąszyń.
January 1919: Polish victory in the Battle of Szubin and capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Szamocin.
January 1919: Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
January 1919: Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
January 1919: In the Battle of Rynarzewo, the Germans capture Szubin.
February 1919: A Polish counterattack forced a German withdrawal to northern bank of the Noteć River. The Poles recaptured Rynarzewo and won the Battle of Kcynia.
February 1919: Poles recapture Szubin.
February 1919: Germans use an armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
10.1.5.Polish-Czechoslovak War
Was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the territory of Cieszyn Silesia in early 1919.
January 1919: Cieszyn Silesia was taken over by Czechoslovak forces on 27 January 1919. Polish troops retreated to the Vistula river.
February 1919: The Czechoslovak army withdrew to the new Green Line, established by the International Commission Agreement on the basis of the Czechoslovak-Polish Treaty, concluded on 3 February 1919 in Paris.
10.1.6.Aftermath of World War I in Pokuttya
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in the Pokuttya region.
August 1919: In late summer of 1919 Polish troops entered Pokuttya (see Polish-Ukrainian War) and the Romanians withdrew to their country.
10.1.7.Sejny Uprising
Was a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny.
September 1919: After several military skirmishes, Polish forces secured Sejny and the Lithuanians retreated behind the Foch Line.
10.1.8.Treaty of St Germain
Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
11.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
11.1.1.Establishment of the Republic of Perloja
Was the creation of the small Republi of Perloja, in Lithuania, during the Russian Civil War.
January 1924: In 1923, Perloja was divided along the Merkys River, leaving one bank to Lithuania and another to the Second Polish Republic.
11.2.Ukrainian-Soviet War
Was a conflict between Ukrainian nationalist forces and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. It also included a multitude of ethnical and local factions.
November 1918: On November 9 Polish forces attempted to seize the Drohobych oil fields by surprise but were driven back, outnumbered by the Ukrainians. The resulting stalemate saw the Poles retaining control over Lviv and a narrow strip of land around a railway linking the city to Poland, while the rest of eastern Galicia remained under the control of the West Ukrainian National Republic.
January 1919: The Komancza was suppressed by the Polish government as part of the Polish-Ukrainian War.
April 1920: The Lemko Republic was ended by the Polish government in March 1920.
11.3.Soviet westward offensive of 1918-25
Was a military campaign by the Russian SFSR into regions that had been evacuated by the German forces in eastern Europe after World War I.
11.3.1.Soviet westward offensive in Poland
Was a military offensive by the Russian SFSR in Poland after the German army left the area.
February 1919: The Soviet westward offensive came to a halt by late February.
May 1919: In April the Bolsheviks captured Grodno and Vilna.
11.4.Polish-Soviet War
Was a war between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the aftermath of World War I and during the Russian Civil War.
April 1919: Polish forces under General J. Lasocki recaptured Lida.
April 1919: French General A. Mokrzecki captured Nowogródek and Baranowicze.
April 1919: The major city of Vilnius was taken by Polish cavalry units.
June 1919: Polish General Mokrzecki engaged Russians east of Baranowicze.
June 1919: By May units of Rydz-Śmigły had advanced to the north and east and reached the line of Łyngmiany-Ignalino-Hoduciszki-Narocz lake.
July 1919: Polish armies attacked Mołodeczno and captured it on 4 July.
July 1919: Łuniec in the Polesie region was captured by Polish forces.
July 1919: In mid-July, the Soviet counteroffensive near Naliboki was stopped.
August 1919: Polish forces continued their push and captured Minsk.
August 1919: Dubno and Krzemieniec in the Wołyń region were captured by Polish forces.
August 1919: The town and fortress of Równe was captured by Polish forces.
August 1919: On 18 August Zasław was occupied by Polish forces.
August 1919: Borysów conquered by Second Polish Republic.
August 1919: After heavy fighting, the Polish army captured fortress Bobrujsk near Berezyna.
October 1919: Polish forces reached Daugava River and secured the region from Dzisna to Dyneburg.
October 1919: Borysów conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1920: By early January 1920, Polish forces had reached the line of Uszyca-Płoskirów-Starokonstantynów-Szepietówka-Zwiahel-Olewsk-Uborć-Bobrujsk-Berezyna-Dyneburg.
April 1920: By March, Polish forces had driven a wedge between Soviet forces in the north (Bielorussia) and south (Ukraine), capturing the towns of Mozyrz and Kalenkowicze.
July 1920: The RSFSR captured Brodno.
July 1920: Supported by Lithuanian forces, the Poles captured Wilno on 14 July.
July 1920: The Galician Soviet Socialist Republic was a Bolshevik's self-declared and short-lived political entity that existed from 15 July to formally 21 September 1920. The communist state was established during a successful counter-offensive of the Red Army in the summer of 1920 as part of the Polish-Soviet War.
July 1920: On 19 July Grodno fell to the Red Army.
July 1920: The Polish 1st Army had to retreat behind Neman River.
August 1920: Brest-Litovsk conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: Polish forces managed to recapture Brody.
August 1920: Łomża and Ostrołęka conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: The fortress of Brześć Red Army in the first attack.
September 1920: Sovietic Offensive in Poland of August 1920.
September 1920: The Galician Soviet Socialist Republic is absorbed by Poland.
October 1920: Polish counteroffensive of October 1920.
11.4.1.Russian Offensive (Polish-Soviet War)
Was an offensive by the Russian SFSR against Poland during the Polish-Soviet War.
February 1919: The first serious armed conflict of the Polish-Soviet War took place around 14 - 16 February, near the towns of Manevychi and Biaroza in Belarus.
March 1919: In early March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive and forces under General Stanisław Szeptycki captured the cities of Słonim.
March 1919: Polish forces under General A. Listowski took Pinsk.
11.4.2.Battle of Warsaw
Were a series of battles during the Polish-Soviet war that resulted in the defeat of the invading Russian SFSR.
August 1920: Soviet assault at Radzymin.
August 1920: Polish forces recaptured Radzymin.
August 1920: By the end of August, the 4th and 15th Red Armies had been defeated in the field, and their remnants crossed the border into East Prussia.
August 1920: Russian Budionny's cavalry moved through weakly defended areas, reached city of Zamość and attempted to take it.
September 1920: What was left of Buidonny's 1st Cavalry Army retreated towards Włodzimierz Wołyński.
September 1920: Battle of the Niemen River.
September 1920: On 18 September Polish forces recaptured Równe.
September 1920: Petliura's Ukrainian forces defeated the Bolshevik 14th Army and on 18 September took control of the left bank of the Zbruch river.
September 1920: The Second Polish Republic Captured Lida and Pińsk.
October 1920: The soviet Tukhachevski managed to reorganize the eastward-retreating forces and in September established a new defensive line running from the Polish-Lithuanian border to the north to the area of Polesie, with the central point in the city of Grodno in Belarus.
October 1920: After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drissa line.
October 1920: After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drisa line.
March 1921: A ceasefire was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia on 12 October and went into effect on 18 October. Borders were settled in the Peace of Riga, signed in Riga on 18 March 1921.
On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. Germany dismembered Czechoslovakia.
October 1938: As Czechoslovakia was being absorbed into the German Reich, Zaolzie, the Czech half of Cieszyn, was annexed by Poland in 1938 following the Munich Agreement and the First Vienna Award. At noon on September 30, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. It demanded the immediate evacuation of Czech troops and police from Zaolzie and gave Prague until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on October 1 the Czech foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
13.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
13.1.1.Invasion of Poland
Was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union. It marked the beginning of World War II.
September 1939: The German armies opened their offensive on September 1 at 5:45 AM, crossing the Polish frontiers on all fronts. Athe Fourteenth army attacked with two groups, one in the Mahrisch Ostrau towards Cracow, and the second group from the Sillein area of northern Slovakia. At the same time the the Fourth Army reached the line Konitz-Nakel.
September 1939: Polish forces at Wieluń surrender to the German 10th Army.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 3rd.
September 1939: Battle of Mława.
September 1939: Polish forces around Piotrków surrender to the German 10th Army.
September 1939: On September 6, without opposition, the Mahrisch Ostrau group of the Fourteenth Army captured Cracow, principal city of southern Poland.
September 1939: The siege of Westerplatte concludes with the surrender of its remaining garrison to the Germans. Tarnów falls to the 14th Army.
September 1939: The pocket at Radom is reduced by the German 14th Army.
September 1939: On September 9 the army had reached the line Dukla-Rzeszow-Kolbuszowa.
September 1939: By the 10th the German forces reached the the east bank of the San at Radymno and Jaroslav. The 1st German Mountain Division forced a crossing of the San at Sanok, in the Carpathian foothills.
September 1939: On the 11th, German forces were south of the Fort of Przemysl, and has also reached Sambor and Lemberg.
September 1939: Advancing rapidly on the 12th, the Third Army cut the railroad lines leading from Warsaw to Bialystok and Siedlce.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 13th.
September 1939: The German Third Army captured Brest Litovsk on the 14th.
September 1939: Przemyśl is captured by the German Army.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 15th.
September 1939: The Red Army invades eastern Poland.
September 1939: Kutno falls to the German 8th Army and Brest-Litovsk falls to the 3rd Army.
September 1939: Soviet forces capture Wilno.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 18th.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 19 September.
September 1939: Advancement of the German campaign in Poland by September 20th.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 20 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 21 September.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 21 September.
September 1939: The Red Army occupies Lviv.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 22 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 23 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 24 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 25 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 26 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 27 September.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 28 September.
September 1939: German capture of Modlin.
September 1939: Advance of the Russian Invasion of Poland until 29 September.
September 1939: Advance of the German Invasion of Poland until 30 September.
October 1939: The garrison of the Hela Peninsula, besieged by land and naval forces, surrendered to German forces on October 1.
October 1939: Warsaw surrendered to German forces on September, 27. German forces occupied the city ca. on October, 1st.
October 1939: The Battle of Kock ends with the surrender of defending Polish forces. This is the final significant military resistance to the German or Soviet invasions.
13.2.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
August 1945: At the Potsdam Conference the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union placed the German territories (within the 1937 Nazi Germany borders) east of the Oder-Neisse line, and with the exception of parts of East Prussia, as formally under Polish administrative control. The 1919 Versailles Treaty created Free City of Danzig was also placed under Polish administration.
January 991: Silesia and Lesser Poland that were incorporated by the Duchy of Poland some time before 990.
January 993: The region of Neumark came under the sovereignty of the first Polish state during the 10th-century rule of Mieszko I (died 992) and Bolesław I (ruled 992-1025), Dukes of the Polans. Polish rulers incorporated the future Neumark territory as the Lubusz Land.
January 1001: Expansion of the Kievan Rus' by 1000 AD.
January 1003: In 1002, Boleslaus I of Poland occupied the Duchy of Bohemia.
January 1004: After Vladivoj died the next year, the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia and Moravia.
January 1004: End of the Polis occupation of Bohemia.
January 1005: In 1004, after the Poles were expelled from Bohemia with help from Henry II, Duke Jaromír received the duchy of Bihemia in fief from the king of Germany.
January 1014: Between 1012/13, Polish Duke Bolesław I conquered the areas of the pagan Opolans, Golensizes and Wislans and was thus able to completely incorporate all of Silesia, including parts of Lusatia and Lesser Poland, into his duchy. This was the climax of the first phase of Polish rule over Silesia.
January 1018: In the Treaty of Bautzen, which was concluded between the two rulers of Poland and Meissen on January 30, 1018 after several changeable and bitter campaigns of war, Milzenerland and Mark Lusatia (today's Lower Lusatia) remained with the Duchy of Poland.
January 1019: Several western border cities including Przemysl, were annexed by the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1026: In 1025, shortly before his death, Bolesław I the Brave finally succeeded in obtaining the papal permission to crown himself, and became the first king of Poland.
January 1030: Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia re-acquired the Moravian lands in 1019 or 1029.
January 1032: Przemysl was under Polish control until 1031.
January 1032: After King Konrad II had defeated the Polish King Mieszko II Lambert, the Kingdom of Poland came under the rule of the Meissen Margraves again.
January 1038: Miecław was a cup-bearer of king Mieszko II Lambert. In 1038 he broke away from Duchy of Poland during the crisis inside the country.
January 1039: When a pagan uprising against the Christian Church broke out in large parts of Poland in 1037 and the bishops of Breslau were driven out to Schmograu (Smogorzów) and to the Ritschen (Ryczyn), Duke Břetislav I of Bohemia seized the opportunity in 1038 and conquered Silesia.
February 1039: In 1039, Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia invaded Poland, capturing Poznań and ravaging Gniezno.
January 1040: Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia left Poznań, moving his troops to Silesia.
January 1048: After returning from exile in 1039, Duke Casimir I (1016-1058), properly known as the Restorer, rebuilt the Polish monarchy and the country's territorial integrity through several military campaigns: in 1047, Masovia was taken back from Miecław.
January 1055: Silesia back to the Duchy of Poland, after Holy Roman Emperor Henry III was able to persuade Břetislav I of Bohemia to recnounce to the region during the Peace of Quedlinburg.
January 1070: Several western border cities including Przemysl, were annexed by the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1081: Przemysl was under Polish control until 1080.
January 1109: In 1108, the territory of present-day Slovakia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary.
January 1122: The Duchy of Pomerania was established as a vassal state of Poland in 1121.
January 1139: It was not until the Pentecostal Peace of Glatz, concluded in 1137 and confirmed in 1138, that a permanent border was drawn between Poland, including Silesia, as well as Bohemia and Moravia.
January 1139: The Duchy of Pomerania was established as a vassal state of Poland in 1121, which it remained until the fragmentation of Poland after the death of Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138.
January 1139: The Duchy of Masovia was established as a feudal state in the course of the 12th century on the territory of today's Masovia after the inheritance of the Kingdom of Poland in 1138.
January 1210: In 1209 Ladislaus lost Lubusz, taken by Conrad II of Landsberg, Margrave of Lusatia (his brother-in-law), who defeated the Duke in the battle of Lubusz.
April 1211: Finally Henry I the Bearded [Silesia], in the campaign between August 1210 and March 1211 would have taken Lubusz from the Germans, taking advantage of the confusion after the death of Conrad II (6 May 1210) and the disputes over his inheritance among the members of the Wettin's Room.
January 1251: Around 1250 Brandenburg took over Lubusz Land from then-fragmented Poland.
January 1258: Margrave John I founded the town of Landsberg an der Warthe (now Gorzów Wielkopolski) in 1257.
January 1266: Neumark is systematically settled by Germans within ca. 1265 (foundation of Falkenburg).
January 1293: Lublin conquered by the Kingdom of Rus.
July 1300: In 1300 Wenceslaus of Bohemia briefly gained the Polish crown.
January 1303: Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302.
August 1306: Wenceslaus III of Bohemia was de facto only titular king and died during his military campaign in Poland.
January 1316: Expansion of Lithuania by 1315.
January 1326: In 1325, the territory of Pokuttya was conquered by the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1328: Zator fell to the Duchy of Bohemia.
January 1328: In 1327 John of Bohemia invaded Polonia minor.
January 1330: After the intervention of King Charles I of Hungary, John of Bohemia left Polonia Minor.
January 1352: The dukes of Mazovia became vassals of the united kingdom of Poland from 1351.
January 1367: Since 1366 the Belz Principality was a fief the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1367: In 1366, Casimir of Poland, allied with Siemowit III of Masovia, and resumed the war with Lithuania. He occupied Eastern Volhynia together with Kyiv.
January 1369: For the sake of peace, the Brandenburg Margrave Otto the Lazy sold the city of Deutsch Krone (today Wałcz) to the Poles in 1368.
November 1370: Immediately after Casimir's death in 1370, the heirless king's nephew Louis of Hungary of the Capetian House of Anjou assumed the Polish throne. During the reign of Louis I, Poland formed a Polish-Hungarian union.
January 1382: The Duchy of Masovia is partitioned from Poland.
November 1384: The Hungarian-Polish union lasted for twelve years and ended in war. After Louis's death in 1382 and a power struggle that resulted in the Greater Poland Civil War, the Polish nobility decided that Jadwiga, Louis's youngest daughter, should become the next "King of Poland"; Jadwiga arrived in 1384 and was crowned at the age of eleven. The failure of the union of Poland and Hungary paved the way for the union of Lithuania and Poland.
February 1947: Creation of the Polish People's Republic.
January 1949: The Polish border underwent a minor correction in 1948, when the village of Medyka near Przemyśl was transferred from the USSR to Poland.
February 1951: On February 15, 1951 Aleksander Zawadzki, the president of the Polish Republic, and Andrey Vyshinsky, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, signed Treaty No. 6222. The treaty was a border adjustment.
December 1989: In 1989-1991, Poland engaged in a democratic transition which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the Third Polish Republic.
Selected Sources
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Cook, C. / Stevenson, J. (2006): The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914, Routledge, p.20
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