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The cluster includes all the forms of the union of Denmark and Norway. It was formed several times between 1001 and 1814.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Denmark-Norway
Establishment
January 1001: Personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway. The first king to unite all three kingdoms was Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark since 986 and of Norway since 1000.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of ephemeral Norse-ruled personal unions between England and Scandinavian countries.
December 1013: Sweyn Forkbeard, the King of Denmark, conquered England in 1013.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
2.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
2.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1574: The war in Livonia was a great financial burden for Sweden, and by the end of 1573, Sweden's German mercenaries were owed 200,000 daler. John III of Sweden gave them the castles of Hapsal, Leal and Lode as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark.
January 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by 1577.
2.2.Northern Seven Years' War
Was a war fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark-Norway, Lübeck, and Poland-Lithuania between 1563 and 1570.
September 1563: At the beginning of the war the Danes advanced from Halland with a 25,000-strong army of professional mercenaries and captured Sweden's gateway to the west, Älvsborg Fortress, after only three days of bombardment and a six-hour assault on 4 September.
January 1564: In 1563, Jemtland was taken by Denmark-Norway but swiftly recaptured by the Norwegian governor of Trøndelag, Christen Munk. Munk was a Danish-Norwegian nobleman and military officer who played a key role in the region's defense.
January 1564: Sweden occupied the undefended Norwegian province of Jemtland.
August 1564: Nils Boije, a Swedish military commander, took control of Varberg in 1564 during the Northern Seven Years' War. This marked the territory's military occupation by Sweden.
September 1564: In August 1564, King Eric XIV of Sweden attacked Blekinge and his army occupied it.
January 1565: Sweden captured Båhus Fortress.
January 1565: In 1564 the Swedes marched under Claude Collart and re-occupied Jemtland, as well as Herjedalen and Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim.
January 1565: The 400 Swedish soldiers were repelled from Trøndelag.
January 1567: Båhus Fortress is acquired by Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The Treaty of Stettin was signed in 1570, ending the Northern Seven Years' War. It was negotiated by King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway and King John III of Sweden. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning territories to Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The peace was finally reached with the Treaty of Stettin, signed by King John III of Sweden and Duke Barnim XI of Pomerania in 1570. This treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Sweden.
2.3.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
August 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
September 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
2.3.1.Dano-Swedish War (1657-58)
Was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the Second Northern War.
February 1658: After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt was crossed and the island Funen captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland, Lolland and Falster.
2.3.2.Treaty of Roskilde (1658)
Was a treaty concluded during the Second Northern War that forced Denmark-Norway to give up a third of its territory to Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Trondelag was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the island of Bornholm was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant territorial change in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 in Scania between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The treaty ended the Second Northern War and resulted in Scania being ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Bohuslän was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
May 1658: The Swedish took control over Ven in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658.
2.3.3.Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660)
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
August 1658: On August 16 the Swedes arrived at Helsingør, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated.
September 1658: Swedish invaded Zealand in August 1658.
September 1658: Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
November 1658: Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg.
May 1659: The Swedes abandoned their last positions at Fredriksodde.
December 1659: Printzensköld was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
2.4.Scanian War
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
2.4.1.Invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia
Was the invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia during the Scanian War.
2.4.2.Scanian Theatre (Scanian War)
Was the Scanian theatre of war in southern Sweden during the Scanian War.
2.4.3.Gyldenløve War
Was a Norwegian invasion of Sweden led by its Governor-General Ulrik Frederick Gyldenløve.
2.4.4.Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg at the end of the Scanian War.
2.4.5.Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)
Was a peace treaty between Denmark-Norway and Sweden at the end of the Scanian War.
2.5.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
2.5.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
April 1700: Danish troops set out on March 17, 1700 and occupied several places in Holstein-Gottorf.
2.5.1.1.Danish Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Danish theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
April 1700: Danish troops entered Tönning.
August 1700: A Swedish army of 10,000 landed on Zealand under the protection of their ship guns.
August 1700: The Swedish army, having landed on Zealand, marched against Copenhagen.
August 1700: Charles XII of Sweden attacked Denmark by land and sea, forcing the country to sign a peace treaty. The rulers of Sweden and Denmark signed the Peace of Travendal (August 18, 1700), which restored the status quo ante.
2.5.1.2.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
November 1709: The fishing village of Råå falls under Danish-Norwegian military occupation.
2.5.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
2.5.2.1.Danish Invasion of Schonen
Was the Danish invasion of Schonen (in Sweden) during the Great Northern War.
January 1710: In December, Denmark controlled almost all of central Skåne with the exception of Malmö and Landskrona.
April 1710: After the Battle of Helsingborg, the Danish units were so weakened that they left Scania and embarked for Denmark. By March 5, the last remains of the Danish army left Scania after intentionally slaughtering all their horses and sabotaging their cannons by spiking them.
2.5.2.2.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1711: Danish-Norwegian forces put Wismar under siege.
August 1711: On August 29, 1711, Danish troops under the command of their king invaded Damgarten in Swedish Pomerania.
September 1711: From September 7, 1711, Stralsund was besieged by the Danish-Norwegian army.
January 1712: Frederick IV of Denmark withdrew to Wismar and Mecklenburg on January 7, 1712, leaving the territories he had occupied in Swedish Pomerania.
January 1712: The conflict in Wismar in 1712 ended with the withdrawal of the Danish corps led by Lieutenant General Jørgen Rantzau on January 19. This marked a victory for the Swedish forces in the region during the Great Northern War.
July 1712: Wismar was occupied by the Danish army.
September 1712: In 1712, the Danish army, led by King Frederick IV, invaded the Swedish Duchy of Verden. The city of Stade was handed over to the Danes on September 6, 1712.
October 1712: In 1712, Ottersberg and Verden were occupied by Kurhannover, led by Elector George Louis. The occupation was a response to the Danish increase in power, as Kurhannover did not want to be cut off from the sea again. This move was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during that time.
October 1712: On October 1, 1712, Bremerland fell as well. With that, the whole of Bremen-Verden was conquered by Denmark.
November 1712: Until 7 November 1712 Wismar unsuccessfully besieged by a Danish corps.
January 1713: On January 31, 1713, Russian troops pushed the Swedish army into the Tönning fortress belonging to Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf.
May 1713: Magnus Stenbock was surrounded in Tönning in February 1713 with 11,000 men by a superior force of Danish, Russian and Saxon troops and, after a three-month siege, was forced to capitulate on May 16, 1713.
2.5.2.3.Norwegian Campaign (1716)
Was a Swedish invasion of Denmark-Norway during the Great Northern War.
April 1716: Oslo conquered by sweden.
July 1716: After the burning of the fleet by the Danes, the Swedish army was forced to return to Sweden in July.
November 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and the Norwegian fortress town of Fredrikshald. The siege resulted in the death of King Charles XII and the territory of Fredrikshald falling under Swedish military occupation.
December 1718: The Siege of Trondheim in 1718 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, successfully captured the city of Trondheim, leading to a military occupation of the territory.
December 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish King Charles XII was killed during the siege, leading to the territory of Fredrikshald being ceded to Denmark-Norway as part of the peace treaty.
January 1719: The Siege of Trondheim in 1719 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, unsuccessfully attempted to capture the city of Trondheim in Norway, which was then part of Denmark-Norway. The siege ended with the territory going back to Denmark-Norway.
2.5.3.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
2.5.3.1.Peace of Frederiksborg
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
July 1720: All of Schleswig was now united under the Danish crown.
July 1720: From the occupied Gottorf, Denmark returned only the Holstein parts to Duke Karl Friedrich,.
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
June 1611: In 1611, during the Kalmar War, a Swedish force led by King Gustav II Adolph carried out the Storming of Kristianopel, a strategic fortress in present-day Sweden. The successful military occupation of Kristianopel marked a significant victory for Sweden in the ongoing conflict.
September 1611: In the summer of 1611, Swedish forces under Baltzar Bäck were ordered to invade Norwegian Jämtland. They did so, and armed Swedish peasants marched into Härjedalen. Both Jämtland and Härjedalen were conquered without much fight.
January 1612: In 1611, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway sent a force of 6,000 troops led by Admiral Jørgen Daa to lay siege on the city of Kalmar, which was under Swedish control. The Danish forces successfully captured the city after a fierce battle.
April 1612: In early 1612, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway led the attack on the Swedish fortresses Älvsborg and Gullberg, strategically located on the border between the two countries. The military occupation of these territories was a significant victory for Denmark in the ongoing conflict with Sweden.
December 1612: Swedish troops under the command of Governor Axel Lillie were unable to defend Jämtland and Härjedalen against invading Danish-Norwegian forces. As a result, the territories were ceded to Denmark-Norway.
January 1613: The Treaty of Knäred ended the Kalmar War. Denmark incorporated Lapland into Norway. Militarly occupied territories were evacuated.
Were a series of wars between the native kingdoms of modern-day Sri Lanka and the Portuguese Empire.
4.1.Danish intervention (Sri Lanka)
Was a Danish military operation in Sri Lanka against the Portuguese Empire.
January 1621: Senarat placed great expectations on a Danish alliance against the Portuguese and agreed to sign a treaty and grant them the port of Trincomalee.
January 1621: Just two weeks after the treaty was signed, the Danish evacuated Trincomalee.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
5.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
5.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
5.1.1.1.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
January 1644: By the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in possession of Swedish troops.
March 1644: In February 1644, the Swedish General Gustav Horn with an army of 11,000 men occupied much of the Danish provinces of Halland and Scania, except for the fortress town of Malmø.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
5.1.2.Danish Period
Was the second main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Denmark.
April 1625: The Danish king occupied the towns of Verden and Nienburg, which belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian imperial district.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, defeated the Protestant armies in the Battle of Lutter. This victory allowed them to conquer the Lutheran Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Westphalian Prince-Bishopric of Verden, threatening the Calvinist city of Bremen.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, conquered the Lutheran Prince-Bishopric of Verden in the Holy Roman Empire. This victory allowed them to threaten the Calvinist city of Bremen and expand their control in the region.
September 1627: In the summer of 1627, Wallenstein advanced into northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula in just a few weeks. Only the Danish islands remained unoccupied by the Imperialists because they had no ships.
May 1629: In 1629 Denmark signed the Peace of Lübeck with the Catholic League and withdrew from the war. The treaty restored to Christian IV of Denmark his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and not to interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.
5.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
5.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1644: In 1643, during the Torstensson War, Swedish forces occupied Jutland as part of their military campaign against Denmark.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
Was a war between Sweden and Russia.
6.1.Theatre War
Was a brief war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
September 1788: In 1788, Bohuslän was under military occupation by Denmark-Norway. Prince Charles of Hesse led a force of 8,000-10,000 Danish soldiers in an attack on the territory from Norway.
September 1788: In 1788, Colonel Johan Werner Tranefelt, a Swedish military officer, stationed himself in Kvistrum with 700 men. However, they were defeated on 29 September by Danish-Norwegian forces during the military occupation of the territory.
October 1788: In a week the Danish-Norwegians took Uddevalla, Vänersborg, and Åmål but were later stopped at Gothenburg.
October 1788: Gothenburg surrendered to the forces of Denmark-Norway.
November 1788: The Danish-Norwegian troops left Sweden and marched off toward Norway.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
7.1.Gunboat War
Was a naval conflict between Denmark-Norway and the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the materially superior Royal Navy.
May 1809: The island of Anholt was captured by British forces.
7.2.Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden due to Denmark-Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.
7.2.1.Swedish Offensive (Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09)
Was the main Swedish military offensive against Denmark during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09.
April 1808: The Swedish main attack in Aurskog-Høland in 1808 was led by General Carl Pontus Gahn and Lieutenant Colonel Carl Johan Adlercreutz. The goal was to secure the territory for Sweden during the ongoing Finnish War against Russia.
April 1808: In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, a battle occurred at Lier, near Kongsvinger. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XIII, defeated the Norwegian army. This victory led to Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
April 1808: Fighting in Høland and Aurskog ended with a Norwegian victory, and the Swedish commander, Colonel Schwerin felt so threatened by the Norwegian counterattacks that he ordered a retreat after the defeat at Toverud.
April 1808: After this victory the Swedish troops entrenched themselves at Lier and advanced all the way to the river Glomma.
April 1808: Battle of Trangen: The invading Swedish troops, led by Colonel Carl Pontus Gahn, were surrounded and forced to surrender to the Danish.
7.2.2.Danish Offensive (1808)
Was a Danish offensive against Sweden during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809.
July 1808: Norwegian troops captured the fortress of Hjerpe.
July 1808: Hjerpe conquered by Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1808: Mörsil and Mattmar in Jämtland were occupied by Denmark-Norway.
August 1808: On July 24, von Döbeln's Swedish troops increased by 900 units, which allowed an attack against the Norwegians, who were forced to retreat. The resulting armistice required the Norwegians to leave Sweden by 3 August, which they did.
7.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
January 1814: In December 1813, Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. As a result, Norway was forced to cede to Sweden after being part of Denmark-Norway for centuries.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. The treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in Norway being ceded to Sweden, leading to a period of Swedish military occupation in Norway.
January 1814: Between 1035 and 1814, the Faroe Islands were part of the Kingdom of Norway, which was in a personal union with Denmark from 1450. In 1814, the Treaty of Kiel transferred Norway to the King of Sweden, on the winning side of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas Denmark retained the Faroe Islands, along with Greenland and Iceland.
January 1814: Occupied territories in Holstein and Schleswig are reverted to Denmark at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.
January 1814: Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province.
July 1380: When Haakon VI died in 1380, Olaf, who was already king of Denmark, also inherited the crown of Norway.
January 1395: The Victual Brothers occupied the island in 1394 to set up a stronghold as a headquarters of their own in Visby.
June 1397: The Kalmar Union was a political union between the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It was established in 1397 at a meeting in Kalmar, Sweden, by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The union aimed to strengthen the countries' defense against external threats and promote economic cooperation.
January 1524: The Kalmar Union de facto ended after the final secession of Sweden.
January 1555: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1608: In 1607, Charles IX of Sweden, who was the King of Sweden from 1604 until his death, declared himself "King of the Lapps in Nordland" and began collecting taxes in Norwegian territory, specifically Lapland. This led to a military occupation of Lapland by Sweden.
January 1713: In 1712, Denmark conquered the Bremen-Verden state, but sold it in 1715 to the Electorate of Hanover.
August 1728: Europeans did not settle the island again until 1721, when the Lutheran minister Hans Egede arrived and established the town now known as Nuuk.
January 1735: Christianshaab conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1742: Jakobshavn conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1743: Frederikshaab conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1753: Claushavn conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1755: Fiskenæsset conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1756: Ritenbenck, Egedesminde and Sukkertoppen conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1757: Holsteinsborg conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1759: Umanak conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1774: Godhavn founded (1773).
January 1775: Julianehaab conquered by denmark-norway.
January 1776: By 1775 Denmark-Norway controlled the entire island of Greenland.
Disestablishment
January 1814: In December 1813, Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. The treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in Norway being ceded to Sweden, leading to a period of Swedish military occupation in Norway.
January 1814: Occupied territories in Holstein and Schleswig are reverted to Denmark at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.
January 1814: Between 1035 and 1814, the Faroe Islands were part of the Kingdom of Norway, which was in a personal union with Denmark from 1450. In 1814, the Treaty of Kiel transferred Norway to the King of Sweden, on the winning side of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas Denmark retained the Faroe Islands, along with Greenland and Iceland.
January 1814: Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. As a result, Norway was forced to cede to Sweden after being part of Denmark-Norway for centuries.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 553
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
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