Second Northern War
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Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
Chronology
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November 1656: The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden. With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).
July 1655: The nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań.
August 1655: The Treaty of Kėdainiai placed Lithuania under Swedish protection, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
September 1655: On 8 September Charles X Gustav of Sweden occupied Warsaw.
October 1655: The levy of Mazovia, led by Polish nobleman Stefan Czarniecki, surrendered to the Swedish forces after the Battle of Nowy Dwór in 1655.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
September 1656: In August 1656, Tsar Alexis of Russia's army, led by Prince Yakov Cherkassky, captured the Livonian town of Koknese during the Russo-Swedish War.
October 1656: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca.
June 1657: The Swedish army by Charles X Gustav captured Brest in May 1657.
September 1657: Charles X Gustav of Sweden left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike. The Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart.
November 1659: A combined force of 17,000 Austrians and 13,000 Brandenburgers led by general Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches invaded Swedish Pomerania, took and burned Greifenhagen, took Wollin island and Damm, besieged Stettin and Greifswald without success, but took Demmin on 9 November.
May 1660: The Treaty or Peace of Oliva. at Oliva was made between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia, and John II Casimir Vasa withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title of a hereditary Swedish king for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.
May 1660: After the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 Cabo Corso Castle was to be returned to Swedish administration.
January 1656: In 1656, during the Second Northern War, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, Frederick William, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland. This decision was a strategic move to protect his territories from Polish and Russian threats.
September 1655: The Dutch moved an army to the Delaware River in the summer of 1655, easily capturing Fort Trinity and Fort Christina. The Swedish settlement was incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on September 15, 1655.
December 1658: The Treaty of Valiesar was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar near Narva on 20 December 1658. Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years (Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others).
July 1655: Sweden seized Dünaburg.
October 1656: Besieged Dorpat surrendered to Tsar Alexis of Russia.
November 1657: Ermland returned to Poland.
October 1655: Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
March 1657: The Swedes stayed in Danzig until February 1657.
September 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
August 1657: Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden.
October 1656: John II Casimir took Bromberg and Konitz in Royal Prussia.
January 1662: The treaty of Cardis obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden.
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
August 1656: In July 1656, during the Second Northern War, a reserve force of the Russian army led by Tsar Alexei I struck across Swedish Ingria and overran the key Baltic fortresses of Nöteborg and Nyen.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
January 1658: The Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk in 1657.
December 1658: On 20 December Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar, whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
Was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the Second Northern War.
February 1658: After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt was crossed and the island Funen captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland, Lolland and Falster.
Was a treaty concluded during the Second Northern War that forced Denmark-Norway to give up a third of its territory to Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Bohuslän was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 in Scania between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. The treaty ended the Second Northern War and resulted in Scania being ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the island of Bornholm was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden, marking a significant territorial change in the region.
March 1658: The Treaty of Roskilde was signed in 1658 between King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. As a result of the treaty, the territory of Trondelag was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1658: The Swedish took control over Ven in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658.
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
September 1658: Swedish invaded Zealand in August 1658.
December 1659: Printzensköld was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
September 1658: Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
November 1658: Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg.
May 1659: The Swedes abandoned their last positions at Fredriksodde.
August 1658: On August 16 the Swedes arrived at Helsingør, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated.
Selected Sources
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 169
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 177
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 179
