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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Sultanate of Rum
Sultanate of Rum (Mongol Empire)
Sultanate of Rum (Ilkhanate)
Sultanate of Rum (Mamluks)
Establishment
January 1078: Suleyman I was appointed as a governor in Seljuk possessions in Anatolia. However he acted independently and established an independent state.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Suleiman I in the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1085: Suleyman ibn Qutalmish, the founder of the Sultanate of Rum, began to expand eastward taking Antioch and the whole of Cilicia.
January 1087: Edessa conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
Expansion during the rule of Malik Shah I in the Seljuk Empire.
January 1087: Syrian Seljuks occupied the areas of Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) in 1086.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
3.1.First Crusade
Was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule.
May 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
June 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
July 1097: The Battle of Dorylaeum took place during the First Crusade and resulted in the victory of the Christian forces.
September 1097: Tancred defeated the Seljuk garrison of Tarsus and started negotiations about their surrender.
September 1097: As soon as Tancred reaches Mamistra, the Seljuk garrison fled the town and the local Armenians acknowledge Tancred as their ruler.
September 1097: Tancred puts a garrison in Mamistra before leaving Cilicia through the Belen Pass and joins the main crusader army.
January 1099: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) were captured by the Crusaders and united to the Maras Seigneurship in the County of Edessa in 1098.
3.2.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
November 1204: In 1204, the Empire of Trebizond, led by Alexios, captured Kerasous, Cide, Amasra, and Heraclea Pontica along the Byzantine coast. Additionally, they took control of Limnia, Samsun, and Sinope, expanding their territory significantly.
Expansion during the rule of Thoros I in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
January 1113: Cyzistra conquered by Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
January 1130: Expansion of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia by 1129.
Were a series of conflicts in the Middle Ages between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire.
January 1122: In 1119-1121 John II Komnenos, the Byzantine Emperor, defeated the Seljuq Turks, establishing his control over southwestern Anatolia.
April 1143: The Asian frontier reached by the Byzantine Empire by the death of John II Komnenos.
Was the successful Seljuk capture of the city of Attalia (today Antalya, Turkey), a port in southern-western Asia Minor.
April 1207: The siege of Antalya in 1207 was led by the Sultan of Rum, Kilij Arslan III, against the Byzantine Empire. The capture of the city of Attalia was a significant victory for the Turks in their expansion into Asia Minor.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
January 1243: The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242.
June 1243: Battle of Köse Dağ: Decisive Mongol victory. The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
January 1247: Anamur Region conquered by mongol empire.
January 1250: The of Sudak city passed under Tatar control, although it retained considerable autonomy.
January 1251: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni.
January 1255: The Empire of Trebzond (Mongol Empire) captured Sinope in 1254.
January 1259: In 1258, the Kesun area was incorporated into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which was a Christian state established by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion.
January 1259: Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Maraş was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
7.1.Mongol-Mamluk Wars
Were a series of wars between the Mongols and the Muslim Dynasties of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
7.1.1.Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Was a war between the Ilkhanate, a successor of the Mongol Empire, and the Mamluks.
April 1277: The Mamluks invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan.
May 1277: The Mamluks leave Anatolia.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
8.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
8.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
January 1261: Town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260).
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1091: Seljukid conquest of Nicaea.
January 1096: Around 1094, the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I, captured Edessa and installed Thoros (Armenian T‘oros = Theodore), an old lieutenant of Philaretus, as governor. In 1095, Theodore eliminated the Turkish garrison of the citadel and made himself master of the city.
January 1100: The Anamur Region was ruled by Sultanate of Rum between 1075 and 1099, when it was reconquered by the Byzantines.
January 1101: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia occupies Cilicia, taking most of it from the decaying Sultanate of Rum.
January 1102: Conquests of the County of Edessa by 1101.
January 1133: Expansion of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia by 1132.
January 1151: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) reverted to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1150.
January 1152: Marash was captured by the Zengids in 1151.
January 1156: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) were controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1155-1157.
January 1158: When Sultan Ahmad Sanjar died in 1157, the atabegs (governos) of the Seljuk Empire became effectively independent.
January 1158: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) are conquered by the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1173: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Zengid Dynasty.
January 1174: Maraş was recaptured by the Zengids in 1173.
January 1176: The sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II conquers Sivas.
January 1179: Rum sultan Kılıç Arslan II annexes the Danishmend realm: Sivas, and the surrounding territory, in Central Anatolia.
January 1180: The sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II conquers the territories of the Danishmends.
January 1183: Marash Area conquered by Ayyubid Dynasty.
January 1183: By 1182 the Sultanate of Rum further expanded west into Byzantine territory.
January 1191: Temporary German occupation of the Sultanate of Rum capital Konya.
February 1191: End of the temporary German occupation of Konya.
January 1202: In 1201 the city and the province of Erzurum were conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II.
January 1203: The last ruler of the Saltukids, Alaeddin Muhammed, was dethroned and imprisoned by the Sultan of Rum Süleymanshah II during Süleymanshah's Georgian rout in 1202, and the Saltukid beylik was subsequently annexed by the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1205: Following the Fourth Crusade's attack on the Byzantines in 1204, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruled by King Levon I and his wife Queen Isabella, periodically held the port of Alanyia and the surrounding coast as part of their expanding territory.
January 1207: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1212: Larende and its surroundings were occupied by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1211 and 1216 under the rule of King Levon I. The territory was strategically important for the kingdom's expansion and control over the region.
January 1212: In 1211, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, led by King Levon I, conquered the fortresses of Faustinepolis, Herakleia, and Larende from the Seljuks. This marked a significant military victory for the Armenian Kingdom in their territorial expansion efforts.
January 1215: Sinop conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1217: Larende and its surroundings were occupied by the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1222: Alanya conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1222: In 1221, the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured Alanya, a coastal city in present-day Turkey. Alaeddin Kayqubad I was a powerful ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, a successor state of the Seljuk Empire in Anatolia.
January 1225: Alaaddin Keykubat annexes a part of Artuqid realm (Harput and surrounding territory).
January 1225: The Chobanids acquired Kastamonu.
January 1228: The Rum Seljuqs captured and fortified the city of Sudak in Crimea.
January 1229: Anamur Region conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1229: Seljuq Sultan of Rûm Alaaddin Keykubat I annexes the Mengucek realm.
January 1229: The Erzincan branch was subjugated by the Sultanate of Rum in 1228.
January 1241: Diyarbakır conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
January 1251: Karaman Bey established a Beylik in the mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century.
January 1262: From 1261 a Turkmen principality was formed in Ladik/Denizli.
January 1266: Sinop returned to Turkish control in 1265.
January 1276: The Sahip Ataids was an Anatolian beylik centered in Kara Hisar-i Sâhib (Afyonkarahisar).
January 1278: In 1277, the territory of Sinope was taken over by the Pervâneoğulları, a small and short-lived beylical dynasty. The Pervâneoğulları ruled over Sinope and its surrounding region for a brief period of time.
January 1278: The Divriği branch was ended by the Ilkhanate in 1277.
January 1281: The Kingdom of the Eshrefids was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Sultanate of Rum.
January 1281: The Kingdom of the Hamidids was one of the 14th century Anatolian beyliks that emerged as a consequence of the decline of the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1291: Ahis in Ankara also saw their chance to declare their semi independence under Mongol suzerainty towards the end of the century (about 1290).
January 1291: In 1290, Osman I proclaimed himself more autonomous from the Seljuk Turks and took the title of Bey. This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Beylik, which eventually grew into the powerful Ottoman Empire under his leadership.
January 1293: The Beylik of Jandar was founded in 1292 by Emir Jandar, a Turkmen leader. The territory was located in present-day Turkey, near the Black Sea coast. The beylik existed until it was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.
January 1294: After the Battle of Köse Dağ, the Seljuqs lost control of the city of Alaiye, and it became semi-autonomous.
January 1301: The Germiyanids rebelled against the central power in 1283, upon the execution of the sultan Kaykhusraw III by the Mongols. The struggle between combined Mongol-Seljuq forces based in Konya and the rebel forces of Germiyan continued until 1290. Eventually, the Germiyanids were able to become independent.
January 1322: The Beylik of Teke was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
January 1322: An Ottoman column captured the southeastern coast of the Sea of Marmara
Disestablishment
January 1329: The last sultan of Rum, Mesud II, was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanids in 1328.
Selected Sources
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
The Barony of Cilician Armenia, 1080-1099. Armenica.org. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://www.armenica.org/history/en/overview/cilicia1080.html
sultanate of rum
