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The cluster includes all the forms of the country starting with the Republic of Florence which later also annexed Siena and became the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which existed until the Italian Unification in the XIX Century.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Republic of Florence
Duchy of Florence
Granduchy of Tuscany
Kingdom of Etruria
Republic of Tuscany
Establishment
January 1116: After the death of Matilda of Tuscany in 1115, Florence became an autonomous commune, although formally still under the authority of the Holy Roman Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy.
1.1.First Lombard War
Was the first of a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan over the hegemony in Northern Italy.
January 1425: Filippo Maria Visconti, the ambitious Duke of Milan, waged war against Florence, defeating it at Anghiari and Faggiuola.
January 1427: In 1425, Florence allied with Venice against Milan. In 1426, Venetian troops marched on Brescia, forcing the Duke of Milan to sign a peace treaty. Florence regained the territories occupied by Milan in 1425.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
2.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
2.1.1.French conquest of Naples
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Kingdom of Naples.
November 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello, asking that he be allowed way for Florence. Piero, lord of Florence, went to meet the king to negotiate, but had to grant him the fortresses of Sarzanello, Sarzana and Pietrasanta, the cities of Pisa and Livorno as support ports for French ships, and the free passage on the territory of Florence.
2.2.Italian War of 1494-1498
Was the first of the so-called Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, initially aided by Milan, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.
2.2.1.Expulsion of the French from Italy (1495)
Was the expulsion of the invading French army from the italian peninsula during the Italian War of 1494-1495.
July 1495: Charles VIII left Naples on 20 May and marched north to reach Lombardy, but met the League army at the Battle of Fornovo on 6 July 1495. Strategically it was a partial victory for the League, since that, although it had failed to annihilate the king of France, it had achieved the aim of having him withdraw from the peninsula.
2.3.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
2.3.1.Republican revolution in Florence
Was a revolution in the Duchy of Florence during the War of the League of Cognac.
May 1527: The third republican government of Florence began on May 16, 1527 following the very serious crisis that arose in relations between Pope Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici) and the emperor Charles V. The citizens of Florence decided to expel the Medici and restore a Republic following the Piagnone model (i.e. religious puritanism), inspired by the directives of Girolamo Savonarola.
2.3.2.Medici Restoration in Florence
The Medicis were restored as the rulers of Florence.
August 1530: The republican government of Florence lasted until 1530, when it was demolished at the end of the Siege of Florence by Spanish and German troops sent by the emperor following a reconciliation between pope Clement VII and emperor Charles V.
2.4.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
2.4.1.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
April 1559: The Duchy of Florence absorbed the Republic of Siena (allied with France).
2.5.Siena War
Was a war of the Duchy of Florence (which controlled northern Tuscany), supported by Spanish and Imperial forces, against the Republic of Siena (which controlled southern Tuscany). The Republic of Siena was invaded and annexed by Florence.
March 1553: Spanish general García de Toledo invaded the Republic of Siena, conquering Lucignano, Montefollonico and Pienza for Florence.
July 1553: The imperial troops that were aiding the Republic of Florence, left part of the territories conquered from Siena because they had to go fighting with the Ottomans that had started an invasion of southern Italy.
January 1554: At the end of January 1554, Siena was placed under siege.
April 1554: The Val di Chiana was put to fire and sword. Sinalunga and Torrita were taken by Florence.
April 1555: The enemies who entered Siena victorious on April 17, 1555, the date of the stipulation of the capitulation after the surrender of the city due to hunger.
June 1555: The Take of Porto Ercole took place between May 25 and June 18 1555.
Expansion during the rule of Cosimo I in the Duchy of Florence .
January 1549: Since 1548, Cosimo had also been in occupation of the Lordship of Piombino (including Elba).
March 1549: The emperor granted the feud to Pietro Francesco and Leonardo de Nocetis, who in turn sold it to Cosimo I de' Medici. According to other sources, the transfer took place by contract from the Marquis Bernabò Manfredi to Cosimo I on March 17, 1549 reserving feudal rights.
January 1555: The Florentines occupied the northern part of the Republic of Siena.
April 1555: The city of Siena surrenders to the Florentine army. The nobility of Siena flees to Montalcino.
August 1569: Olivola Marquisate entered the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
March 1805: The Principality of Lucca and Piombino was a state created from the union of the Principality of Piombino with Lucca and assigned by Napoleon I to his sister Elisa and brother-in-law Felice Baciocchi on March 18, 1805.
December 1807: In 1807, Napoleon dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and integrated it into France, turning it into three French départements: Arno, Méditerranée and Ombrone.
4.1.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
March 1801: The Kingdom of Etruria was created by the Treaty of Aranjuez, signed at Aranjuez, Spain on 21 March 1801. It was established for the House of Bourbon-Parma, with Louis, Duke of Parma, becoming King of Etruria. The territory was formed from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
March 1801: By the Treaty of Florence of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the Presidi to the French Republic, which then ceded them to the new Kingdom of Etruria.
4.2.Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)
Was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.
October 1800: The treaty of San Ildefonso (October 1, 1800) between France and Spain provided for the transfer of the island of Elba, then part of Tuscany, under French sovereignty.
4.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
March 1814: After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the former republic of Lucca was transformed into a duchy under the rule of Maria Luisa of Spain. Piombino was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which was ruled by Ferdinand III.
March 1814: After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the former republic of Lucca was transformed into a duchy under the rule of Maria Luisa of Spain. Piombino, on the other hand, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany under the control of Ferdinand III.
4.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: According to the Congress of Vienna, the March of Sorbello is incorporated in the Granduchy of Tuscany.
June 1815: At the Congress of Vienna, sovereignty of the island of Elba was returned to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
June 1815: According to the Congress of Vienna, the March of Mulazzo is ceded to the Duchy of Modena-Reggio.
June 1815: The County of Vernio, according to the Congress of Vienna, is annected to the Granduchy of Tuscany.
June 1815: After the downfall of France in 1814 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was restored.
4.5.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
4.5.1.Neapolitan War
Was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire during the War of the Seventh Coalition. Naples, which was still ruled by the Napoleonic general Joachim Murat, decided to side with Napoleon. The Austrian won the war and reinstated Ferdinand IV as King of Naples and Sicily.
4.5.1.1.Neapolitan attack (Neapolitan War)
Was the invasion of central and northern Italy launched by the Neapolitan armies during the Neapolitan War.
April 1815: The two Guard Divisions Murat had sent into the Papal States passed unmolested into Tuscany and by 8 April had occupied Florence, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
4.5.1.2.Austrian counterattack (Neapolitan War)
Was the Austrian invasion of Italy during the Neapolitan War.
April 1815: In Tuscany Murat's two Guard Divisions also inexplicably retreated without being harassed in any way by Nugent. By 15 April, the Austrians had retaken Florence.
Was a treaty between the Grans Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, and the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza where the borders between these countries were simplified though the exchange of several exclaves/enclaves in their territories.
November 1847: Following the agreements made in the Congress of Vienna in 1847 the Grand Duke of Tuscany ceded Fivizzano to Francesco V duke of Modena.
November 1847: The Treaty of Florence of 28 November 1844 was a secret agreement stipulated between the governments of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. The purpose of the treaty was to implement some provisions and territorial compensations foreseen by the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and to rationalize the borders between the three states in the area of Lunigiana and Garfagnana, where there were still twisted borders and various enclaves.
January 1848: In 1847 Pontremoli and its territory were annexed to the Duchy of Parma, in implementation of the Treaty of Florence of November 28, 1844.
January 1848: Carlo Lodovico I of Borbone cedes its Duchy to the Granduchy of Tuscany: the successive spartion of the territories composing the Duchy of Lucca makes Tuscany cede to the Duchy of Modena-Reggio the territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano, Castiglione di Garfagnana and the area of Lunigiana, while the Duchy of Parma-Piacenza obtains Pontremoli.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
December 1859: The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Confederation of Central Italy or General Government of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations.
6.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
6.1.1.Tuscany Front
Was the Tuscanian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
6.1.2.Austrian Invasion of Tuscany
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Republic of Tuscany.
January 1126: In 1125, the Florentines conquered Fiesole after a siege that lasted several months.
January 1183: In 1182 Empoli became part of the dominions of Florence.
January 1271: Poggiobonizio was a Ghibelline city, proclaimed an 'imperial city' by Frederick II of Swabia in 1220. In 1270, it was conquered by the Florentine armies with the support of Neapolitan troops. After the conquest, the city assumed the modern name of Poggibonsi.
January 1291: In 1290, following Florence's victory in the Battle of Campaldino in 1289, Florence sacked and destroyed Bibbiena, which then came under Florentine influence.
January 1301: Expansion of the Florentine state throughout the entire area surrounding Florence.
January 1301: The area of Firenzuola was under the control of Florence before 1306, as in this year it was decided to found the city as an outpost to counter the Ubaldini family.
January 1338: On March 7, 1337, the lord of Arezzo, Pier Saccone Tarlati, sold Florence the dominion over the city for the subsequent ten years at the price of 25,000 gold florins.
January 1338: Countess Englarada, of Franco-Germanic origin, marries the Tuscan count Tigrino, and gives rise to the dynasty of the Guidi di Modigliana counts, who govern Modigliana until 1337 when a popular uprising led by Durante Doni, leads to the expulsion of the Guidi and the constitution in free municipality annexed, in a sort of protectorate, to Florence.
January 1341: Firenze conquers Colle Val d'Elsa.
January 1342: In 1341 Barga submitted to Florence.
January 1348: On March 7, 1337, the lord of Arezzo, Pier Saccone Tarlati, had sold to Florence the dominion over the city for the subsequent ten years. After this period, Arezzo regained its independence.
January 1352: From 1351, Prato, initially with limited autonomy, was subjected to the rule of Florence.
January 1363: From 1340 to 1361, Volterra had been governed by a feudal-type government under the leadership of the local Belforti family. The progressive erosion of municipal liberties caused by the feudal government led to a civil war. Florence, taking advantage of this situation, intervened as a mediator and subjected Volterra to its hegemony.
January 1370: San Miniato, which had temporarily pledged itself to the Florentine Republic since 1347 by entering into vassalage, rebelled by declaring itself for the Emperor. However, the Florentines managed to penetrate the castle of the city and definitively subdue the city on January 14, 1370.
August 1377: Modigliana rebelled against the Pope and gave itself to the Florentine republic by deed of the people signed on 2 August 1377.
January 1378: The Florentine state conquers various territories in central and northern Tuscany up to 1377.
January 1385: In 1384, the French general Enguerrand VII of Coucy conquered Arezzo and sold it to the Florentines.
January 1391: Siena looses Montepulciano, which allies with Florence.
January 1401: King Ladislaus of Naplese sold Cortona to the Republic of Florence for 60.000 gold florins.
January 1401: Castiglion della Pescaia came under the influence of Florence during the 14th century (in 1404, the citizens spontaneously surrendered to the Republic of Florence).
January 1403: A civil war that erupted in Pistoia in 1401-1402 resulted ultimately in the subjugation of the Commune of Pistoia to the Republic of Florence.
January 1405: After the domination of the Guidi family, in 1404 Bagno entered the Florentine orbit.
January 1407: In 1406, the Florentines became lords of Pisa after a costly war. Florentine dominion thus extended over most of Tuscany, except for the Sienese region.
January 1411: Albiano was dominated by the Malaspina, from whom the people of Albiano emancipated themselves to entrust themselves to the Republic of Florence as early as the fifteenth century. The Florentine Signoria sent its Commissioner there in 1410.
January 1433: Castiglion della Pescaia temporarily rebels against Florence and falls under the domain of Siena (around 1431 or 1432 until around 1433).
January 1434: Castiglion della Pescaia, temporarily occupied by Siena following a revolt, returns under the control of Florence.
January 1439: Sarzana falls under the domination of the Republic of Genoa.
January 1441: Since 1440, the lands of Poppi were part of the Florentine state.
January 1442: Sansepolcro was sold to Florence for 25,000 ducats by Pope Eugenio IV.
January 1452: By the second half of the 15th century, Bagnone is certainly under the control of Florence, as the Florentine Republic grants fiefs in this area.
January 1468: Submission of Sarzana to Florence.
March 1477: Submission of Fivizzano to Florence: Fivizzano, a municipality located in the province of Massa-Carrara in Tuscany, submitted to the dominion of Florence.
January 1479: Siena conquers Colle Val d'Elsa and Castellina in Chianti from Florence.
January 1484: Colle Val d'Elsa returns to Florence's control thanks to the mediation of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
January 1485: Corvaia and Pietrasanta were part of the Genoese state until 1484 when they were conquered by the Republic of Florence.
January 1511: Sestino, a Tuscan village near Arezzo, remained under the control of the Papal States until 1510, when it fell under the governance of the Florentine Republic.
May 1532: Florence had been under informal Medici control since the early XV century. In 1532, Pope Clement VII, who was born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, appointed Alessandro de' Medici as duke over the Republic of Florence. The Duchy of Florence was thus established.
July 1557: The Sienese fortresses, castles, ports, places and farmland of, namely, Porto Ercole, Orbetello, Talamone, Monte Argentario and Porto Santo Stefano" (a territory of about 287 square km) enter the State of the Presidi.
August 1569: Cosimo I de' Medici was a powerful ruler who expanded his control over Tuscany. Pope Pius V recognized his achievements by granting him the title of Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1569, solidifying his authority in the region.
June 1604: Sale of the county of Pitigliano to the grand duchy of Tuscany.
January 1617: In 1616 Cosimo II de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, annexed the county of Ottieri.
January 1652: Philip IV of Spain, in his capacity as Duke of Milan, sold Pontremoli to the Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici.
January 1699: The Marquisate of Treschietto was sold by Ferdinando Malaspina to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1698).
January 1773: This continuous change of masters preceded the definitive concession, in 1772, of the Malaspinas to Leopold II, ruler of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
January 1775: In 1774 the feud of Groppoli was reunited with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Disestablishment
December 1859: The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Confederation of Central Italy or General Government of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations.
Selected Sources
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https://www.storiadifirenze.org/?p=4162#:~:text=Il%207%20gennaio%201411%20Ladisalo,in%20possesso%20nel%20giugno%201409.
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