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Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
Chronology
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Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
1.1.French conquest of Naples
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Kingdom of Naples.
February 1495: Kingdom of Naples conquered by france.
November 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello, asking that he be allowed way for Florence. Piero, lord of Florence, went to meet the king to negotiate, but had to grant him the fortresses of Sarzanello, Sarzana and Pietrasanta, the cities of Pisa and Livorno as support ports for French ships, and the free passage on the territory of Florence.
January 1495: Charles VIII of France took Civitavecchia.
August 1501: On 19 August the French entered Naples.
September 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello.
July 1501: On July 19, Cesare Borgia flanked by the French army besieged Capua which, after 7 days was conquered thanks to betrayal: a citizen of Capua, corrupted by Cesare, opened the city gates.
1.2.French conquest of Milan
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Duchy of Milan.
April 1500: On 10 April 1500, Ludovico Sforza, also known as Ludovico il Moro, who was the Duke of Milan, was besieged in Novara, and then handed over to the French by his own Swiss mercenaries. The Duchy of Milan fell under French control.
March 1500: In 1500, Ludovico Sforza regained control of Milan with the help of mercenaries.
September 1499: Milan was conquered by King Louis XII of France, leading to the downfall of Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan. Ludovico fled to Germany to seek refuge after losing control of the Duchy of Milan in 1499.
1.3.Borgia's War in Romagna
Were a series of military campaigns by Cesare Borgia, the son of the Pope, in central Italy.
November 1499: Borgia took possession without a shot being fired (November 25).
January 1500: Cesare Borgia besieged Caterina Sforza, who had barricaded herself in the fortress of Forlì for three weeks. On 12 January 1500 the decisive battle was bloody and fast and Caterina continued to resist fighting until she was taken prisoner.
January 1501: Faenza conquered by the Papal States.
January 1501: The Papal States conquer Rimini.
January 1502: At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, Senigallia fell briefly under the dominion of Cesare Borgia.
September 1503: In the period immediately following the First Italian War, Pope Alexander VI had extended, with French help, papal control far beyond central Italy, thus conquering Romagna. Cesare Borgia, as Gonfaloniere of the papal armies, had expelled the Bentivoglios from Bologna, who had governed as a fiefdom, and was moving towards the creation of a permanent state governed by the Borgias.
January 1504: Forlimpopoli is acquired by the Signoria of Forlì.
January 1504: In 1503, with the death of his father Pope Alexander VI, the short-lived reign of Cesare Borgia collapsed. Immediately afterwards, the families of Romagna who had been overthrown by Cesare Borgia offered to submit to the Republic of Venice on condition that they would regain their dominions over their respective cities. The Venetian Senate accepted and the Serenissima took possession of Rimini, Faenza and other places.
January 1505: With the death of his father Pope Alexander VI, the short-lived reign of Cesare Borgia collapsed
January 1503: Cesare Borgia, the son of pope Alexander VI, proclaimed himself duke of the city Città di Castello.
January 1501: Pesaro is conquered by Cesare Borgia.
1.4.Spanish conquest of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples was occupied by Spanish forces.
May 1503: Soon disagreements arose among the occupiers on the methods of partition. Ferdinand's insistence on being recognized as king of both Naples and Sicily immediately led to a war between France and Spain. Defeated at Cerignola and Garigliano by the Spaniards commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Luigi was forced to abandon Naples and retreat to Lombardy. Naples was occupied by the Spanish on May 16, 1503.
Was the first of the so-called Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, initially aided by Milan, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.
2.1.Expulsion of the French from Italy (1495)
Was the expulsion of the invading French army from the italian peninsula during the Italian War of 1494-1495.
May 1495: On May 2, 1495, the French fleet (seven galleys, two fustas and two galleons), commanded by the Sire de Molans, collided with the Genoese squadron of Francesco Spinola and Fabrizio Giustiniani (eight galleys, two arrows and a carrack). The clash took place at dawn, and it was a total defeat for the French: all the ships were captured, and, simultaneously, a contingent of troops landed by the Genoese fleet under the command of Gian Ludovico Fieschi and Giovanni Adorno, aided by the Rapallini , they routed the transalpines who had remained on the ground, taking control of the town.
May 1495: Crowned king of Naples, Charles VIII of France stayed there until May when the people and the Neapolitan armies, to the cry of iron! iron!, reinvigorated again under the Aragonese insignia of the young king Ferrandino, managed to drive the French out of the Kingdom.
July 1495: Charles VIII left Naples on 20 May and marched north to reach Lombardy, but met the League army at the Battle of Fornovo on 6 July 1495. Strategically it was a partial victory for the League, since that, although it had failed to annihilate the king of France, it had achieved the aim of having him withdraw from the peninsula.
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
May 1509: In 1509, Rovereto was a Venetian colony governed by a Podestà. However, after the Battle of Agnadello in the same year, the territory was ceded to the Habsburg Domains.
3.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
3.1.1.French invasion of Venice (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was a French invasion of the Republic of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.
May 1509: Louis had crossed the Adda River at Cassano d'Adda.
May 1509: Julius II, who in the meantime issued an interdict against Venice, excommunicating every citizen of the Republic, invaded Romagna and took Ravenna.
May 1509: Bergamos ubmits to the Holy Roman Empire.
June 1509: Alfonso I d'Este. The latter, after having joined the League and having been previously appointed Gonfaloniere of the Church on 19 April, annexed Polesine to his territories.
June 1509: In short, the forces of the league occupied all of the mainland, reaching as far as the edge of the lagoon, at the gates of Mestre, where Pitigliano had barricaded itself.
May 1509: Brescia barred the doors to the retreating Venetians, surrendering without any significant resistance on May 24 to the French together with Cremona and Crema.
January 1510: In the south of the Italian peninsula, Ferdinand II of Aragon reconquered the ports of Puglia.
June 1509: The Venetian troops, led by Bartolomeo d'Alviano, were pursued by the French and Imperial forces, led by Louis XII of France and Maximilian I, resulting in the surrender of Padua to the Holy League on 5 June 1509.
May 1509: Louis, with the remainder of the French army, reached Agnadello.
3.1.2.Venetian Counterattack (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was the Venetian counterattack against the invasion of its territories by Louis XII of France.
May 1509: The French army was sufficient to expel the Venetians from Vicenza by May.
July 1509: Venetian control was re-established in Padua.
November 1509: In 1509, these territories were reconquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of Doge Leonardo Loredan and Captain-General Bartolomeo d'Alviano: the cities of Bassano, Feltre, Belluno, Cividale, Castel Nuovo, Monselice, Montagnana, and the Polesine region were brought back under Venetian control.
November 1509: The Venetian troops defeated the imperial forces, regaining control of Vicenza, Este, Feltre and Belluno.
January 1510: The city of Adria was conquered by Venice after 1509.
January 1510: In 1509 Aquileia was conquered by the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the League of Cambrai.
January 1510: Venice kept the city of Pordenone only for two years since in 1509 it lost it again.
January 1510: Venice conquers Rimini.
November 1509: In 1509, these territories were reconquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of Doge Leonardo Loredan and Captain-General Bartolomeo d'Alviano. The cities of Bassano, Feltre, Belluno, Cividale, Castel Nuovo, Monselice, Montagnana, and the Polesine region were brought back under Venetian control.
3.2.Second Phase - Alliance between Venice and the Papal States
Was the second phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
August 1510: On July 12, the French reinforcements were forced to retreat, allowing the Pope to take Sassuolo and Concordia.
October 1510: In 1510, Charles II of Amboise, a French military leader, led an invasion of Bologna, which was under papal control. By early October, he had successfully divided the papal forces and advanced to within a few kilometers of the city.
November 1510: Pope Julius II excommunicated the French commander d'Amboise in 1510 after the French forces withdrew from Bologna. The French were persuaded by the English ambassador to avoid attacking the Pope, leading them to retreat to Ferrara.
January 1511: In 1510, Pope Julius II conquered the territories of Modena, Reggio, Parma, and Piacenza, adding them to the Papal States.
January 1511: Mirandola is acquired by the Papal States (Military Occupation).
January 1511: Lucio Malvezzi, captain of the army of the Serenissima, retook Marostica and Bassano, entering Vicenza and arriving as far as Verona.
May 1511: Cardinal Francesco Alidosi, left in command of the defense of Bologna by the Pope, was not appreciated by the Bolognese and when, on May 23, 1511, a French army commanded arrived at the gates of the city, it quickly surrendered .
February 1511: The Signoria della Mirandola was returned to Giovan Francesco II Pico, who had to pay 20,000 ducats to the papal treasury.
April 1511: The French led by Gian Giacomo Trivulzio reconquered Concordia and Castelfranco Emilia.
February 1510: Romagna and Marche (the parts controlled by Venice) are ceded to the Papal States.
3.3.Third Phase - The Holy League
Was the third phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
June 1511: In 1511, Pope Julius II successfully recaptured the territories of Rimini, Ravenna, Cesena, and Romagna from the French forces. Meanwhile, the French commander de La Palice sought refuge in the city of Pavia.
June 1511: During May of the same year, the French position deteriorated considerably. Julius hired another army of Swiss mercenaries that crossed the Alps again, through the Valtellina, and invaded Lombardy, soon approaching Milan.
June 1511: Genoa rebelled against the French, acclaiming doge Giano Fregoso.
September 1511: Siege of Treviso.
October 1512: Forces of the Republic of Venice conquer Crema.
October 1512: Novara conquered by Duchy of Milan.
June 1512: Genoese revolt against France suppressed.
July 1511: In June 1511 most of Romagna was in French hands.
December 1511: Siege of Treviso.
June 1511: Venice retook Cremona, and again received the submission of Bergamo.
January 1513: In 1512 Massimiliano Sforza regained the government of Milan.
September 1512: Brescia surrendered to the viceroy of Naples and the Venetians.
3.4.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
May 1513: At the end of May 1513, a French army commanded by Louis de la Trémoille crossed the Alps and advanced towards Milan, conquering it.
June 1513: The Swiss army, led by General Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, was defending Novara against the French forces commanded by Louis XII. The Swiss were outnumbered and lacked artillery, leading to a fierce siege as the French sought to reclaim the territory.
June 1513: On 6 June, the Swiss defeated the French army in the battle of Novara, forcing French general Trémoille to abandon Milan.
September 1513: In 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai, the French commander La Palice was defeated by the English forces led by the Earl of Surrey in the Battle of Guinegatte. As a result, Tournai was conquered by England and remained under military occupation.
September 1513: While the Spaniards were unable to conquer Padua thanks to the determined Venetian resistance, they penetrated deep into Venetian territory and towards the end of September they were in sight of Venice.
October 1513: Venetian captain Alviano's army, having been reinforced by hundreds of volunteers from the Venetian nobility, pursued the Spanish led by Cardona and confronted him outside Vicenza on 7 October.
January 1514: In Navarre, resistance to Fernando of Aragon's invasion collapsed and he quickly consolidated his power over the whole region.
January 1515: Henry VIII, having failed to gain significant territory, concluded a separate peace with France.
August 1515: The French avant-garde surprised the Milanese cavalry in Villafranca Piemonte, capturing the leader Prospero Colonna.
January 1517: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, retreated from the duchy of Milan in December 1516. This retreat led to the territory falling under the control of tFrance.
September 1516: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, led the invasion of Milan in 1516 during the Italian Wars. The city was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire through military occupation. The conflict was part of the power struggle between European states for control over the Italian peninsula.
September 1515: The morning of 14 September 1515 resulted in a strategically decisive victory for King Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice, allowing them to retake all of the Duchy of Milan from the Swiss forces.
January 1516: The French conquer Modena and Reggio.
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
November 1521: Franco-Navarrese troops led by Bonnivet and Claudius I of Guise captured the key city of Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the Bidasoa river on the Franco-Spanish border.
April 1522: Battle of Bicocca.
September 1523: A huge English force under the command of the Duke of Suffolk advanced into French territory from Calais in combination with a Flemish-Imperial force. The French, scattered by the imperial attack, were unable to resist and Suffolk soon advanced beyond the Somme River, devastating the countryside and stopping only 80 kilometers from Paris.
November 1523: In October 1523, a French army of 18,000 men, under the command of Bonnivet, advanced through Piedmont towards Novara, where they were joined by a similar force of Swiss mercenaries. The French forces occupied the area of Romagnano Sesia.
December 1523: English retreat to Calais.
April 1524: The French, defeated at the battle of the Sesia, where Bayard fell while commanding the French rearguard, once again demonstrated the power of arquebusiers against traditional troops; the French army withdrew beyond the Alps in disarray.
August 1524: D'Avalos and Bourbon, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, crossed the Alps with about 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524.
September 1524: When the French troops, commanded by Francis himself, arrived in Avignon at the end the imperials were forced to retreat back to Italy.
December 1521: In 1521, the Holy Roman Empire, led by Henry of Nassau, invaded northern France, capturing Ardres and Mouzon before besieging Tournai. The city fell to the imperial army in November after a prolonged siege.
October 1523: The English army retreats from Paris.
March 1524: Charles V of Spain was able to retake Fuenterrabia from the French in February 1524.
August 1524: Having passed through most of the smaller towns unopposed, the Duke of Bourbon, a general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence.
May 1522: Colonna and d'Avalos, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, proceeded to lay siege to Genoa, defended by 6,200 men, entering the city on May 30. Genoa was thus freed from the French yoke.
4.1.French invasion of Navarre
Was a French military campaign in Navarre during the Italian War of 1521-1526.
May 1521: In 1521, during the Spanish conquest of Navarre, General André de Foix led the French forces to conquer Pamplona.
June 1521: The french left Navarre after the battle of Noáin on June 30.
4.2.Pavia Campaign
Was a French military campaign by Francis I in Lombardy.
October 1524: French king Francis I crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army of over 40,000 men.
October 1524: Charles of Lannoy, who had concentrated around 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops in Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on 26 October. Milan was subsequently occupied by the French army.
April 1525: After the battle of Pavia, the disbanded remnants of the French forces, retreated across the Alps.
October 1524: The French troops, led by King Francis I, arrived in Pavia in October 1524 during the Italian War of 1521-1526. The city was a strategic location in the conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire, ultimately leading to the Battle of Pavia in 1525.
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
June 1527: Carpi is acquired by the Este, as part of the Duchy of Modena.
January 1528: The Republic of Siena looses control of Porto Ercole, which is conquered by Papal troops.
January 1530: Lombardy was reconfirmed to the Sforzas.
January 1530: The remaining Venetian possessions in Apulia went to Charles of Naples.
5.1.Imperial Annexion of Lombardy
Was the invasion of Lombardy by the Imperial and Spanish forces during the War of the League of Cognac.
July 1526: Holy Roman emperor Charles V sends an army under the command of the Constable of Bourbon to Italy. He comes to lay siege to Milan, which capitulates.
5.2.Imperial Conquest and Sack of the Papal States
Was the invasion of Central Italy by the Imperial forces that ended with the Sack of Rome, during the War of the League of Cognac.
February 1528: The Imperial Army, led by Charles V of Spain, left Latium in 1528 after being brought back under control by new leaders and receiving payment. The army, consisting of approximately 12,000 men, then moved on to Naples on February 17, 1528, following the army of the league.
May 1527: After the conquest and sack of Rome by the troops of Emperor Charles V, the imperial army de facto controlled Latium.
5.3.Republican revolution in Florence
Was a revolution in the Duchy of Florence during the War of the League of Cognac.
May 1527: The third republican government of Florence began on May 16, 1527 following the very serious crisis that arose in relations between Pope Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici) and the emperor Charles V. The citizens of Florence decided to expel the Medici and restore a Republic following the Piagnone model (i.e. religious puritanism), inspired by the directives of Girolamo Savonarola.
5.4.French invasion of Lombardy
Was the French invasion of Lombardy during the War of the League of Cognac.
June 1529: In 1529, France suffered a defeat at the hands of the Imperial troops at Landriano, resulting in the loss of control over the Duchy of Milan, along with Lombardy and Liguria.
September 1527: The French army led by Lautrec takes Genoa in August 1527.
October 1527: French forces occupy Alessandria.
October 1527: Pavia is sacked by French forces led by general Odet de Foix.
5.5.French Invasion of Naples (War of the League of Cognac)
Was the French invasion of Naples during the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1528: An epidemic in Naples in 1528 led to the retreat of the French army from the region.
May 1528: Siege of Naples.
5.6.Peace of Cambrai
Was a treaty between the French king Francis I and the Spanish Habsburg emperor Charles V that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1529: The final Treaty of Cambrai, signed on 5 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles. Francis surrendered his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai.
5.7.Medici Restoration in Florence
The Medicis were restored as the rulers of Florence.
August 1530: The republican government of Florence lasted until 1530, when it was demolished at the end of the Siege of Florence by Spanish and German troops sent by the emperor following a reconciliation between pope Clement VII and emperor Charles V.
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
October 1535: Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco’s dynasty was brought to an end by Holy Roman emperor Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco’s wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states.
April 1536: Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month.
September 1536: In 1536, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V invaded Provence, and captured Aix-en-Provence in August.
September 1536: In 1536, the French troops, led by King Francis I, marched onto Southern Piedmont, capturing towns such as Turin and Pinerolo. This military occupation was part of the Italian War of 1536-1538, a conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire for control over Italian territories.
July 1537: Ottoman troops were landed in Otranto from their encampment in Valona.
August 1537: The Ottomans leave Otranto.
January 1537: The Imperials retreated to Spain in 1536 instead of attacking Avignon, which was heavily fortified at the time.
6.1.Peace of Nice
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1536-1538.
June 1538: The treaty of 1538, negotiated with the strong involvement of Pope Paul III, allowed France to keep its conquests of Bresse, Bugey, and a significant portion of Piedmont. This territory was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy as part of the agreement.
June 1538: The German Empire, under the rule of Emperor Charles V, becomes master of all of Milan and two-thirds of the Duchy of Savoy.
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
7.1.Low Countries Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of the Low Countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1543: Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, led the French forces to capture Lillers in April 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
July 1543: By June 1543, French Marshal Claude d'Annebault had taken Landrecies.
July 1543: Wilhelm of Cleves openly joined the war on Francis's side, invading Brabant.
July 1543: In 1543, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire attacked Wilhelm of Cleves, capturing Düren in the Duchy of Jülich. Charles V was a powerful ruler who sought to expand his territory through military conquests. Wilhelm of Cleves was a nobleman who opposed Charles V's ambitions.
September 1543: Wilhelm of Jülich-Kleve-Berg-Mark surrendered on 7 September to the Imperials, signing the Treaty of Venlo with Charles V of Habsburg. By the terms of this treaty, Wilhelm was to concede the overlordship of the Duchy of Guelders and County of Zutphen to Charles, and to assist him in suppressing the Reformation.
September 1543: The Dukes of Orléans and d'Annebault attacked Luxembourg, which they took on 10 September.
November 1543: French king Francis I withdrew to Saint-Quentin on 4 November, leaving Holy Roman Emperor Charles V free to march north and seize Cambrai.
7.2.Italian Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of northwestern Italy in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
August 1543: Nice fell on 22 August 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. The French forces, led by King Francis I, captured the city from the allied forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Genoa. This military occupation marked the beginning of French control over Nice.
7.3.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
June 1546: The Treaty of Ardres (or Treaty of Camp) was signed by Claude d'Annebault, Pierre Ramon, and Guillaume Bochetel on behalf of Francis, and Viscount Lisle, Baron Paget and Nicholas Wotton on behalf of Henry. By its terms, Henry would retain Boulogne until 1554, then return it in exchange for two million écus. In the meantime, neither side would construct fortifications in the region.
September 1544: The Imperial troops marched through Champagne, capturing Épernay, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Château-Thierry, and Soissons.
July 1544: On 24 July 1544, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, captured Vitry-le-François.
August 1544: The Duke of Norfolk, was ordered by King Henry VIII of England to besiege Montreuil in France.
August 1544: In 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Duke of Mantua, Federico II Gonzaga, besieged and captured the town of Saint-Dizier. The town surrendered on August 17 after a month-long siege.
September 1544: English forces, led by King Henry VIII, besieged the French-held town of Boulogne. The French garrison's firepower prevented any approach on foot, so the English dug tunnels under the castle, and the French eventually surrendered the city.
January 1545: The French Dauphin's army advanced on Montreuil.
June 1546: The French forced the English to raise their siege of the city of Montreuil.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
July 1544: The Siege of Boulogne in 1544 resulted in the capture of the city by the English forces.
May 1544: On 25 May 1544, the city of Luxembourg was captured by the Spanish forces led by Fernando Gonzaga.
7.3.1.Peace of Crépy
The Peace of Crépy was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire that ended the conflict between these two countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
8.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Toul was transferred to the Kingdom of France.
January 1553: Verdun fell to France in 1552 through the Treaty of Chambord.
January 1553: Verdun was among the Three Bishoprics annexed by France in 1552.
January 1558: Calais conquered by France.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Metz was ceded to the Kingdom of France.
January 1554: The Duchy of Savoy was occupied by the troops of Henry II, king of France.
8.2.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
February 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
January 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
8.2.1.Invasion of Corsica (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Was the French invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
October 1553: In 1553, the French military captured Bonifacio, a town in Corsica. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between France and the Republic of Genoa, which controlled the island at the time.
January 1556: In 1555, the French were expelled from the coastal area of Corsica by the forces of the Republic of Genoa, led by their admiral, Andrea Doria. This marked the end of French control in the region and the territory was subsequently claimed by Genoa.
August 1553: Bastia was captured by the French on 24 August 1553.
August 1553: With the help of the Ottomans, the French had managed to take strong positions on Corsica and finally occupied it almost completely by the end of the summer.
August 1553: French military commander Paulin de la Garde arrived in front of Saint-Florent.
8.2.2.Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
Was the Ottoman invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
July 1558: The Ottomans attacked the citadel of Ciutadella in Menorca, which was only garrisoned with 40 soldiers.
August 1558: The Ottomans under Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis put the town of Minorca under siege for eight days, then entered and decimated the town.
8.3.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
April 1559: France gave the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont (allied with Spain and fief of the Holy Roman Empire) back to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
April 1559: In 1559, the March of Montferrat was returned to Guglielmo Gonzaga, who was the Duke of Mantua at the time. This decision was part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, which ended the Italian War of 1551–1559.
January 1556: In 1555, during the Italian Wars, the March of Montferrat was occupied by French troops. However, the Cateau-Cambrésis treaty returned the territory to Guglielmo Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua.
January 1557: The territory of Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catele were seized by Spain during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
April 1559: France ceded the island of Corsica to the Republic of Genoa.
April 1559: In 1559, as part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, France retained five fortresses in Northern Italy, including those near Turin, Saluzzo, and Pinerolo.
April 1559: With the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, Spain gave Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catelet and other places back to France.
April 1559: The Duchy of Florence absorbed the Republic of Siena (allied with France).
January 1560: The Duchy of Mantova acquires Alba after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis .
Was a war of the Duchy of Florence (which controlled northern Tuscany), supported by Spanish and Imperial forces, against the Republic of Siena (which controlled southern Tuscany). The Republic of Siena was invaded and annexed by Florence.
April 1554: The Val di Chiana was put to fire and sword. Sinalunga and Torrita were taken by Florence.
March 1553: Spanish general García de Toledo invaded the Republic of Siena, conquering Lucignano, Montefollonico and Pienza for Florence.
July 1553: The imperial troops that were aiding the Republic of Florence, left part of the territories conquered from Siena because they had to go fighting with the Ottomans that had started an invasion of southern Italy.
January 1554: At the end of January 1554, Siena was placed under siege.
April 1555: The enemies who entered Siena victorious on April 17, 1555, the date of the stipulation of the capitulation after the surrender of the city due to hunger.
June 1555: The Take of Porto Ercole took place between May 25 and June 18 1555.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
Frambotto,P. (1646): L'Historia di Milano , Milan (Italy), p. 936
Setton, K. M. (), The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, Volume 2, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 491-501
Strathern, P. (2007): The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance, London (United Kingdom), pp. 308-321
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.162
Italian Wars
