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The cluster includes all the forms of Bohemia (Czechia). The period of union with Slovakia is covered by a different cluster.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Bohemia (Frankish)
Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
Bohemian Confederation
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Czech Republic
Establishment
January 871: The Duchy of Bohemia was established c. 870.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 896: The newly unified Hungarians, led by Árpád, settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.
January 903: In 902, the Magyars led a campaign against northern Moravia.
February 903: In 902, the Magyars led a campaign against northern Moravia.The territories were left after the raid.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
2.1.Incoronation of Otto I
East Frankish King Otto I was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor.
January 963: The Duchy of Bohemia became a State of the Holy Roman Empire.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
3.1.Mongol Invasions of Germany
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
3.1.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
3.1.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Germany
The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in December 1241 and January 1242.
January 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242.
February 1242: The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in January 1242. After the raid, the Mongols left these regions.
Was a war that began when the Kingdom of Bohemia was invaded by the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus.
January 1469: In 1468, Matthias Corvinus, the King of Hungary, seized control of Moravia and Silesia from George of Poděbrad, who was the King of Bohemia. Matthias then declared himself the King of Bohemia, asserting his power over the region.
April 1479: The Peace of Olomouc was signed between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia (and Hungary, later), bringing the Bohemian-Hungarian War (1468-1478) to an end. Based on the terms of the treaty, Vladislaus would cede the territories of Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia to Corvinus.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
August 1521: Siege of Belgrade.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
6.1.Habsburg-Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526-1568)
Were a series of wars between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had ceased to exist after its defeat by the Ottomans in the battle of Mohács (1526). The Ottomans had then taken control of the southern regions of Hungary, whereas the Habsurgs, that had inherited the throne, were able to took control of the northern regions.
6.1.1.Ottoman invasion of Hungary
Was a Ottoman military campaign that led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács fought on 29 August 1526.
August 1526: The Hungarians were defeated at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle marked the beginning of Ottoman domination of South-Central Europe.
September 1526: The Ottomans took Furnace (Buda) on September 10th.
September 1526: On September 25, Pest was occupied by the Ottomans and set on fire.
September 1526: The Ottoman army withdrew from Belgrade.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
7.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
7.1.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
7.1.1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
July 1619: The Bohemian Confederation was a treaty of alliance between the non-Catholic Estates of the Bohemian crown lands. It was formed in Prague on July 31, 1619. The Confederation regulated the state order of the Crown of Bohemia in a new way. The king, as the monarchical head of the group of countries, was largely deprived of power and governmental power was placed in the hands of the estates. Bohemia became an elective monarchy again. At the same time, the relationship between the communes was changed. The estates of the neighboring countries of Moravia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia were put on an equal footing with those of Bohemia. From then on they were allowed to take part in the election of the king. Protestantism was practically declared the state religion.
October 1619: Siege and capture of Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava) by the Bohemian rebels. It is a defeat of the imperial forces commanded by Rudolf von Tiefenbach by Gabriel Bethlen.
October 1619: Bohemian attack on Vienna led by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.
October 1619: The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal Bucquoy is able to drive away Bohemian forces from Vienna.
November 1619: In 1619, Bohemian leader Heinrich Matthias von Thurn besieged Vienna.
July 1620: The Battle of White Mountain took place in 1620 near Vienna. The Imperial forces, led by Charles de Bucquoy, defeated the Bohemian and Palatine troops commanded by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn. This marked a significant victory for the Catholic Habsburgs in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1620: A meeting of all Protestant princes in Nuremberg called by Frederick in December 1619 was only attended by members of the Protestant Union, while in March 1620 the Emperor was able to bind the Protestant princes who were loyal to the Emperor to himself. Electoral Saxony was promised Lusatia for its support. With the Ulm Treaty, the Catholic League and the Protestant Union concluded a non-aggression agreement, so that Friedrich could no longer expect any help. That is why in September the league army was able to invade Bohemia unhindered via Upper Austria.
October 1620: Saxon troops occupied Lusatia.
November 1620: Tilly and Bucquoy crush the Bohemian rebels at the Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) near Prague on November 8, 1620.
January 1621: Habsburg forces led by Charles de Bucquoy captured Karlštejn.
May 1621: The Imperials captured Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).
On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. Germany dismembered Czechoslovakia.
March 1939: The Czechoslovak Republic was dissolved when Germany invaded it on 15 March 1939, and annexed the Czech region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
9.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
March 1945: Frontline of the Soviet offensive to the Oder in that date.
9.1.1.Prague Offensive
Was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe, fought by the Soviets to liberate Prague. The offensive continued for 2 days after the capitulation of Germany.
May 1945: Troops of Fourth Ukrainian Front overrun Olmütz.
May 1945: Soviet forces finish clearing Czechoslovakia and Austria and begin to mop up isolated remnants.
9.2.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
9.2.1.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
May 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
Czechoslovakia peacefully split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
January 1993: In 1992, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
January 1003: In 1002, Boleslaus I of Poland occupied the Duchy of Bohemia.
January 1004: End of the Polis occupation of Bohemia.
January 1004: After Vladivoj died the next year, the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia and Moravia.
January 1005: In 1004, after the Poles were expelled from Bohemia with help from Henry II, Duke Jaromír received the duchy of Bihemia in fief from the king of Germany.
January 1014: Between 1012/13, Polish Duke Bolesław I conquered the areas of the pagan Opolans, Golensizes and Wislans and was thus able to completely incorporate all of Silesia, including parts of Lusatia and Lesser Poland, into his duchy. This was the climax of the first phase of Polish rule over Silesia.
January 1030: Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia re-acquired the Moravian lands in 1019 or 1029.
January 1039: When a pagan uprising against the Christian Church broke out in large parts of Poland in 1037 and the bishops of Breslau were driven out to Schmograu (Smogorzów) and to the Ritschen (Ryczyn), Duke Břetislav I of Bohemia seized the opportunity in 1038 and conquered Silesia.
February 1039: In 1039, Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia invaded Poland, capturing Poznań and ravaging Gniezno.
January 1040: Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia left Poznań, moving his troops to Silesia.
January 1055: Silesia back to the Duchy of Poland, after Holy Roman Emperor Henry III was able to persuade Břetislav I of Bohemia to recnounce to the region during the Peace of Quedlinburg.
January 1077: In 1076, King Henry IV of Germany transferred the Bautzener Land to Duke Vratislav II of Bohemia as an imperial fiefdom after there had been disputes with the Saxon-Thuringian regional nobility, including the Margrave of Meissen, over his imperial property policy.
January 1139: It was not until the Pentecostal Peace of Glatz, concluded in 1137 and confirmed in 1138, that a permanent border was drawn between Poland, including Silesia, as well as Bohemia and Moravia.
January 1199: The Kingdom of Bohemia was officially established in 1198 by Ottokar I of Bohemia.
January 1251: Upon the death of Gertrude's second husband, Margrave Herman VI of Baden, in 1250, Ottokar of Bohemia invaded the Austrian lands, acclaimed by the local nobility. To substantiate his claims, he married Margaret (about 30 years his senior) in 1252.
January 1263: The land of Budissin enters the possessions of the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg.
January 1269: As a result of the Staufer family dying out in 1268, Eger came under Bohemian sovereignty.
January 1270: Krain is acquired by the Kingdom of Bohemia.
January 1277: Krain is annexed to Austria.
August 1278: Rudolf I of Habsburg defeats Ottokar II of Bohemia at the Battle of Marchfeld and takes over his Austrian possessions: Austria and Styria. These territories, the hereditary states, formed the heart of the possessions of the House of Habsburg.
July 1300: In 1300 Wenceslaus of Bohemia briefly gained the Polish crown.
January 1301: In the 14th century Velden belonged to the new Bohemian possessions for a while.
August 1301: When the King of Hungary died, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia was able to place his infant son on the Hungarian throne.
January 1302: After the extinction of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, Ugrin Csak became one of the so-called oligarchs or provincial lords, who ruled de facto independently their dominions.
January 1303: Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302.
October 1305: Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, who had inherited Bohemia from his father, renounced his claim to Hungary on behalf of Otto III.
August 1306: Wenceslaus III of Bohemia was de facto only titular king and died during his military campaign in Poland.
January 1307: In 1306, the Přemyslid dynasty died out and, after a series of dynastic wars, John, Count of Luxembourg, was elected Bohemian king.
January 1458: After Ladislaus the Posthumous, who was both King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria, died of leukemia in 1457, the Bohemian estates elected George of Poděbrady as king of Bohemia.
September 1490: Not wanting another heavy-handed king, the hungarian nobles procured the accession of Vladislaus II, the king of Bohemia.
January 1524: In 1523, George of Schellenberg, a nobleman and landowner, was forced to sell Krnov to the Hohenzollern margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach.
January 1524: In 1523 Georg von Schellenberg sold Jägerndorf to Margrave George the Pious due to financial difficulties.
October 1526: Right after the battle of Mohács, Jovan Nenad appeared between Tisza and Danube as a leader of a Serb regiment. He quickly drove the Ottomans from Bačka and parts of Banat and Syrmia, which he then ruled independently.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
December 1526: In 1526 Vladislav's son, King Louis, was decisively defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Mohács and subsequently died. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest (mainly present-day Slovakia territory) came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage contract.
December 1526: As early as 1526, Duke Johann II had enfeoffed the Brandenburg Margrave George the Pious of Ansbach with Oppeln. The Habsburgs, who came to power in Bohemia in the same year, confirmed the pledge of Oppeln-Ratibor to George of Brandenburg-Ansbach in the Prague Treaty of June 17, 1531. However, the rule of Beuthen was promised to him on only two heirs.
Selected Sources
Bertrand Michael Buchmann: Österreich und das Osmanische Reich. Eine bilaterale Geschichte, Wien 1999, S. 77
Final Operations, 19 April-7 May 1945. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope82.jpg
Kristó, G. (1993): A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmultja (1301-ig), Szeged (Hungary), p. 299
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Soviet Offensive To The Oder, 12 January-30 March. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope32.jpg
Strakosh-Grassmann, G. (1893): Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck (Austria), pp. 53-67
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.166
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.534
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.536
bohemia
