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Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
Chronology
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Were a series of wars between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had ceased to exist after its defeat by the Ottomans in the battle of Mohács (1526). The Ottomans had then taken control of the southern regions of Hungary, whereas the Habsurgs, that had inherited the throne, were able to took control of the northern regions.
September 1543: The Ottomans took Stuhlweißenburg at the beginning of September.
September 1566: The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 was a key battle between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Habsburg Monarchy, led by Croatian-Hungarian nobleman Nikola Šubić Zrinski. The Ottoman victory resulted in the territory of Szigetvár falling under Ottoman control.
January 1553: The Ottomans besieged for a year before being able to occupy the fort.
January 1553: In 1552, Lippa was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The territory was taken by the Ottoman general Mustafa Pasha, who led the successful military campaign to capture the town. This event was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion efforts in the region during the 16th century.
January 1557: In 1556 the Ottomans attacked Szigetvár because numerous raids on their territory had been carried out from there.
January 1552: A Habsburg army marched into Transylvania and the Tisza region, under Giovanni Battista Castaldo.
November 1529: The Austrian army reached Ofen on August 18, 1527 without any major difficulties.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in the border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the region.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
January 1531: The Duchy of Syrmia becomes a Habsburg vassal.
January 1545: The army campaigns of 1543-44 left only one secure road link to Royal Hungary, along the Vág valley, and this further decreased Habsburg support in the kingdom.
January 1546: After a failed siege of Esztergom in 1545, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent soon withdrew his forces from the city.
January 1547: Suleiman took most of central Hungary under direct Ottoman rule as Budin Province.
January 1553: Erasmus von Teufel was a military commander serving the Habsburg forces, while Ali Pasha was the governor of the Ottoman Empire. The skirmish near the palace in Szolnok resulted in a victory for Ali Pasha's troops, leading to the Ottoman conquest of the territory in 1552.
January 1553: The Ottomans incorporated the area around Temesvar into their dominions.
January 1554: The Habsburg withdrew their troops from Transylvania.
February 1557: The Ottomans were not able to conquer Szigetvár and thus left the area.
January 1567: The city of Gyula was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566. This event was part of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, with the Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Gyula was an important strategic location in the region, and its capture further solidified Ottoman control in Hungary.
January 1567: The Habsburg troops managed to conquer the town of Veszprém and the Totis Castle.
1.1.Ottoman invasion of Hungary
Was a Ottoman military campaign that led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács fought on 29 August 1526.
September 1526: The Ottomans took Furnace (Buda) on September 10th.
August 1526: The Hungarians were defeated at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle marked the beginning of Ottoman domination of South-Central Europe.
October 1526: Right after the battle of Mohács, Jovan Nenad appeared between Tisza and Danube as a leader of a Serb regiment. He quickly drove the Ottomans from Bačka and parts of Banat and Syrmia, which he then ruled independently.
November 1526: On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by Louis II of Hungary were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Suleiman. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
September 1526: On September 25, Pest was occupied by the Ottomans and set on fire.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
November 1527: Radoslav Čelnik, a Serb general (vojvoda) in the army of Jovan Nenad, the titular Serbian Emperor, ruled over Syrmia as Duke as an Ottoman vassal from 1527.
September 1526: The Ottoman army withdrew from Belgrade.
1.2.Hungarian campaign of 1527-1528
Was a military campaign by Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I against the Ottoman Empire and its vassals in Hungary.
January 1529: Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were forced to withdraw as events elsewhere in their now massive Empire required the Sultan's attention. Seizing upon their absence, Ferdinand I attempted to enforce his claim as King of Hungary. In 1527 he drove back the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya and captured Buda, Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Székesfehérvár by 1528.
1.3.Suleiman I's campaign of 1529
Was an Ottoman military campaign led by Suleiman I in Hungary.
October 1529: End of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna.
September 1529: On 27 September, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman reached Vienna.
September 1529: On September 8 Buda surrendered to the Ottomans.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs (along with their respective allies) over the control of Romanian and Hungarian territories.
January 1595: In 1594, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed III, successfully captured the main Hungarian fortress of Raab. This conquest was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungarian territory during the Long War (1593-1606) against the Habsburg Monarchy.
January 1603: In 1602, the Habsburgs, led by Archduke Matthias of Austria, recaptured Stuhlweißenburg from the Ottoman Empire.
June 1606: By the Peace of Vienna, Bocskay obtained religious liberty and political autonomy.
January 1599: In 1598, the Habsburg troops under Adolf von Schwarzenberg and Nicholas II Pálffy succeeded in recapturing the Raab and Veszprém (Weissbrunn) fortresses from the Ottomans.
October 1596: On October 12, 1596, the Ottomans managed to take the fortress of Erlau with his 100,000-strong army.
October 1596: The Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 was fought between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed III, and the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottoman victory allowed them to advance further into Central Europe, posing a threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1602: Wallachia was in personal union with Transylvania 1600.
September 1595: On September 7th of that year, after a siege by Karl von Mansfeld for several months, Gran fell back into Austrian hands.
October 1600: Wallachia was in personal union with Moldavia until September 1600.
January 1601: In 1600, the Habsburg fortress Pápa was lost to the Ottoman Empire during the Long War. The fortress was under the command of General Giorgio Basta, a prominent military leader in the Habsburg army.
January 1602: In 1601 Stuhlweißenburg was conquered by the Ottomans, who were finally able to take the important fortress of Kanischa after a two-month siege.
September 1592: In the summer of 1592, Ottoman forces captured the Habsburg border fortress of Bihać.
December 1594: November 1594 - November 1604 to enter into cooperation with Mihai Viteazul, the voivode of Wallachia, since he was dissatisfied with the increasing financial demands from Istanbul and he then started a revolt against the sultan in November 1594 [...] After a truce with Bocskai ( who was now Prince of Hungary and Transylvania) ended the uprising in November 1605.
2.1.Peace of Zsitvatorok
Was a peace treaty which ended the 15-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606.
November 1606: The Principality of Transylvania became de facto independent.
November 1606: With the Peace of Zsitvatorok, the Ottomans kept Eger and Nagykanizsa, while the fortresses north of Buda, which had been conquered by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the war, remained in their possession. The status quo ante of 1593 applied to the remaining borders.
Was a war between the Ottoman Emprie and the Habsburg Domains over territories in Hungary.
July 1664: The Ottomans besieged the Neu-Zrin fortress from June 5 to 30, 1664, then took it and destroyed it on July 7, 1664 to the ground.
October 1663: The Ottomans conquered Neuhäusel Fortress in September.
3.1.Peace of Vasvár
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664).
August 1664: The Neu-Zrin fortress had to be razed.
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
July 1683: Ottoman siege of Vienna since July 15th.
September 1683: The Habsburg defeated the Ottomans on September 12, 1683 in the Battle of Kahlenberg, ending the Siege of Vienna.
January 1684: Expansion of the Habsburg Domains in the Balkans by 1683.
March 1701: The Grimani line (later known as the New Purchase) was the border line established in Dalmatia in February 1701 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Carlowitz of 26 January 1699.
September 1689: Imperial troops conquered Niš on September 24, 1689.
August 1687: 161 years after independent Hungary ceased to exist in the first Battle of Mohács (1526), the Battle of Hungary broke out again on August 12, 1687 on the same plain. The consequences of this significant Habsburg victory were far-reaching: Charles of Lorraine was able to liberate Esseg and Slavonia, while Transylvania was re-incorporated into Hungary.
October 1697: Prince Eugen decided to launch a raid on Bosnia with part of his army. The invasion began on October 13, 1697 from Esseg (today: Osijek). Just ten days later, despite the impassable route through the Bosnian mountains, they reached Sarajevo, 250 km away.
November 1689: The Habsburgs advanced to Bankya (now a suburb of Sofia), Kyustendil Pernik to the east, Skopje Pristina to the south (liberated October 1689).
January 1692: Ottoman conquest of Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina).
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683-1697.
September 1686: Imperial troops conquered the fortress of Buda.
October 1689: Widin conquered by austria.
January 1698: The Venetians loose control of Amfissa (Salona) the Ottomans.
January 1685: Republic of Ragusa part of Habsburg Austria from 1684.
4.1.Morean War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, part of the Great Turkish War. Venice succesfully invaded and occupied the Peloponnese.
January 1688: Venice controlled Argos from 1687 to 1715.
August 1684: Lefkada (Santa Maura) was conquered by Venice after a brief siege of 16 days, on 6 August 1684.
September 1686: Nafplion was forced to surrender on September 3, 1686, during the Morean War, led by the Venetian general Francesco Morosini. The city was then taken over by the Republic of Venice.
June 1686: The fortress of Navarino surrendered in 1686 to the Republic of Venice.
October 1684: In September 1684, at the early part of the Morean War, the Venetians, aided by Greek irregulars, crossed from the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) and captured Preveza as well as Vonitsa.
September 1687: Taking Eleusis, Athens was also briefly conquered, whose Acropolis was besieged by the Venetians from September 23 to 29.
January 1691: Venetian colonies in Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina) from 1690.
January 1691: The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control, and only the fort of Monemvasia in the southeast continued to resist, holding out until 1690.
July 1686: Methoni was taken by Venice after an effective bombardment destroyed the fort's walls.
August 1685: In 1685, the Venetian army, led by General Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the former Venetian fort of Koroni in Greece. The castle, defended by the Ottoman Empire, surrendered after 49 days, leading to the territory of Koroni being transferred to the Republic of Venice.
January 1688: Gerolamo Cornaro, provveditore general in Dalmatia on behalf of the Republic of Venice, bent the Turkish resistance after a tough siege.
October 1684: Acarniana fell under venetian rule.
July 1687: In 1687, during the Morean War, the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, successfully captured the citadel of Patras and the forts of Rion, Antirrion, and Nafpaktos (Lepanto) from the Ottoman Empire.
August 1687: Corinth was occupied by Venice.
August 1687: Mystra, a fortified town in the Peloponnese region of Greece, surrendered to the Republic of Venice in 1687.
January 1688: Venetian occupation of Amfissa (Salona) from 1687.
January 1689: Venetians conquered Risan and Knin.
4.2.Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia that began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the European anti-Turkish coalition (Habsburg monarchy, Poland-Lithuania, Venice) in 1686, after Poland-Lithuania agreed to recognize Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left bank of Ukraine.
May 1689: On 20 May the Russian army reached the isthmus of Perekop.
July 1696: The Azov garrison surrendered on July 19 to Russian forces.
June 1687: In 1687, during the First Crimean Campaign, the Russians, led by Tsar Ivan V, reached the Konskiye Vody river in Crimea.
June 1689: Because the Tatars had dug a 7 km ditch which made moving the artillery forward impossible, Prince Vasily Golitsyn ordered the Russian army to turn back from their campaign in the Crimean Khanate.
May 1689: Second crimean campaign: by 3 May they were at the point where the 1687 expedition had turned back.
June 1687: On 17 June the Russians decided to turn back from Crimea.
4.3.Habsburg Occupation of Serbia
Various regions of present-day Serbia (which were de jure Ottoman territory) were occupied by the Habsburg monarchy.
October 1690: The Siege of Belgrade in 1690 was led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Slankamen in 1691 saw the Ottoman forces defeated by Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading to the liberation of Syrmia from Ottoman control.
July 1690: In 1690, a full-scale Ottoman counter-offensive was launched, forcing Habsburg commanders and the Serbian Militia to retreat to the north.
September 1688: Habsburg victory in the Siege of Belgrade (1688).
January 1690: Habsburg forces continued their advance towards south, taking Niš and reaching Prizren and Skopje (1689).
4.4.Treaty of Karlowitz
Was a treaty that concluded the Great Turkish War and the Morean War. The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
January 1699: The peace of Carlowitz sanctioned the victory of the Holy League and the cession of the Kingdom of Morea to the Venetians.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea".
January 1699: Following the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, Transylvania was formally attached to the Habsburg-controlled Hungary.
January 1700: At the end of the war in 1699 Preveza was handed back to Ottoman rule.
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1739: The Russians defeated the Turks on August 27 near Stavučany and the city of Chotyn fell to them soon after.
August 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
September 1737: The Russian Army occupies Crimea.
September 1737: The Russian Army leaves central Crimea including Bachčysaraj.
January 1739: With the help of significantly improved artillery, the Turks reconquered the Serbian fortresses that had fallen into Austrian hands step by step and in May entered Banat and occupied Mehadia. by the end of the year the Ottomans had captured Mehadia, Orșova, Ada Kaleh, Smederevo and Užice.
July 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
August 1737: In july the Russian Army managed to break into Crimea.
August 1737: A small army corps under the command of General George Olivier Wallis occupied a part of Wallachia.
January 1739: The Ochakiv fortress had to be left to the Turks again that year without fighting.
August 1737: Field Marshal Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff was a German military officer who served in the Habsburg army. Niš was a strategic city in the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day Serbia. The occupation of Niš by Seckendorff's army was part of the Habsburg Empire's expansion into Ottoman territories in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
May 1736: On May 28, 1736, Field Marshal Münnich's main army (about 50,000 strong) broke through the defense line and captured the same city.
July 1737: In 1737, Russian General Burkhard Christoph von Münnich led the military occupation of Očakiv, now in Ukraine. He swiftly captured the city without a formal siege by launching a sudden attack on 10 July.
July 1736: General Peter Lacy occupied Azov with his troops (about 15,000 men) on July 4.
November 1737: Niš was reconquered by a Turkish army.
August 1738: General Lacy, who with 35,000 men had to proceed again towards the Crimea to conquer the city of Caffa, occupied Perekop in July.
5.1.Treaty of Belgrade
Was a peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: The Treaty of Belgrade, known as the Belgrade peace was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: Treaty of Belgrade: Serbia was returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1739.
5.2.Treaty of Niš
Was a treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. Russia left most of the territories it had occupied during the war and kept only possession of the the forts of Azob and Zaporižžja.
October 1739: Russia's accession to the Treaty of Belgrade with the Peace of Nyssa (October 3, 1739) was of little benefit to Tsarina Anna. She renounced all territorial conquests made in military campaigns and only the fortresses of Azov and Zaporizhzhya passed under Russian control.
Selected Sources
Bertrand Michael Buchmann: Österreich und das Osmanische Reich. Eine bilaterale Geschichte, Wien 1999, S. 77
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.166
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.168
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.215-216
Ottoman-Habsburg Wars
