Balkans

Modern-day Countries in this region

Iron Age

Rise of Macedon

Greek Poleis

Independent Greek poleis in the Mediterranean Basin between the 8th and 4th century BC.

Achaemenid Period

Ancient history

Rome

Greco-Persian Wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states.

Antique Greek Leagues

In Archaic and Classical Greece (between the Eighth and Fourth centuries BC), city-states often united into Leagues. Initially relatively democratic political organizations, in later centuries many were ruled by individual Poleis, some more powerful than others, such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Corinth.

classical period of Ancient Greece

Barbarian kingdoms

Polities created by Germanic people (and a few other like the Alans) during the early Middle Ages.

Fragmentation of the Odrysian Kingdom

Polities that emerged from the fragmentatione of the Odrysian Kingdom (2nd and 1st century BC).

Wars of the Diadochi

Were a series of conflicts that were fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.

Diadochi

Successor states to the Macedonian Empire (323-276 BC).

Celtic Polities

All the Celtic polities that ever existed (covering Anatolia, Brittany, Ireland, Great Britain etc).

Hellenistic Period

Roman Republic Classic Wars

Roman-Persian Wars

Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.

Roman Republic Internal Wars

Principate Times of Rome

Year of the Five Emperors

Factions during the Roman Civil War during the Year of the Five Emperors (AD 193).

Gothic Wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.

Civil wars of the Tetrarchy

Factions during the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306-324 AD).

Tetrarchy

Constantinian dynasty

Early Barbarian Invasions

Civil war of the Constantinian Dynasty

Polities ruled by the successors of Constantine The Great after his death (337 AD).

Frankish Polities

Medieval polities emerged from the many divisions of the Frankish Kingdom (and later empire).

Late Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

western roman empire

Definitive Division of the Roman Empire

After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor of the whole Roman Empire, the empire was divided between his two sons in a Western and Eastern part.

Early Eastern Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire

Barbarian Invasions

Dalmatian City-States

City-states that emerged in Dalmatia after the end of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD).

Lombard Polities

Polities created by the Lombards in the early Middle Ages.

Gepid invasion of Sirmium

The Gepids invaded Sirmium, which was part of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths at the time.

Frankish Partitions

The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.

Early Middle Ages

Avar-Byzantine wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate.

Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars

Were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantines and Bulgarians which began when the Bulgars first settled in the Balkan peninsula in the 5th century, and intensified with the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire to the southwest after 680 AD.

Maritime Republics

Thalassocratic city-states of the Mediterranean Basin during the Middle Ages. Founded around the 9th century, in some cases they lasted until the 18th and 19th centuries (Venice, Genoa, Ragusa).

The Lombards

Rus'-Byzantine Wars

Were a series of military conflicts between the Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire.

The Franks

Croatian-Venetian wars

Were a series conflicts and naval campaigns waged for control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea between the Republic of Venice and the Principality of Croatia (later the Kingdom of Croatia, as well as the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary).

Norse/Viking Polities

Polities created by the Norsemen in Europe and North America during the Middle Ages.

Hungarian invasions

Holy Roman Empire

Polities that at some point were part of the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806).

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

Byzantine-Norman Wars

Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.

The Kievan Rus'

Norman Polities in Southern Italy

All the polities founded by the Normans in Southern Italy between 860 and 1150 AD.

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.

Russian Principalities

Polities that emerged from the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus' from around 1240 AD.

Danish invasion of northern Germany (1201)

Was the invasion of northern Germany by king Canute VI of Denmark caused by disagreement with Adolf III, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, over the possession of the island of Rügen.

Byzantine Fragmentation

Greek polities that succeeded the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade (1204).

Frankokratia

Polities created by Western Europeans after the 4th Crusade (1204).

Albanian Principalities

Medieval principalities founded by Albanian nobilty between 13th and 15th century, covering nowadays Albania, Kosovo, Greece, Macedonia and Montenegro (including the league of Lezhë).

Bulgarian-Latin wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Latin Empire.

Conquests of Henry

Expansion during the rule of Henry in the Latin Empire.

Mongol invasions and conquests

Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.

States emerged from the Northern Crusades

States founded during the Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century).

High Middle Ages

Successors of the Mongol Empire

Polities emerged after the fall of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368).

Mongol Civil Wars

Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.

Conquests of Michael VIII

Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.

Anatolian Beyliks

Turkish principalities in Anatolia that resulted from the fragmentation of the Seljuk Empire in the second half of the 13th century.

Late Middle Ages

Galicia-Volhynia Wars

Were several wars fought in the years 1340-1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia.

Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347

Was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos.

Crusader States

Feudal polities founded by Europeans in the Near East during the First Crusade (1096-1099).

Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars

Were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later the Tsardom of Russia).

Serbian Principalities

Principalities that emerged from the fragmentation of the Serbian Empire (1346-1371 AD).

Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars

Were a series of wars between the Ottomans and the Bulgarians that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Ottoman-Venetian Wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice

Ottoman Interregnum

Interregnum that followed the war with Timur (1402-1413 AD).

Scutari Wars

Were two wars waged by Venice for the control of Scutari (Albania).

European wars of religion

Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.

Late Middle Ages

Russo-Kazan Wars

Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.

Polish-Ottoman Wars

Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.

Italian Wars

Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

Early modern period

Ottoman-Habsburg Wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).

Northern Wars

A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.

Conquests of Selim II

Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.

Conquests of Murad III

Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.

Tatar invasions of Europe in the XVI and XVII centuries.

The Crimean Tatars repeatedly undertook campaigns to Central Europe and Russia in the XVI and XVII centuries.

Time of Troubles

Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.

Early modern period

War of the Polish Succession

Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.

Partitions of Poland

Were three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state. The partitions were conducted by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

German Confederation

Polities that at some point were part of the German Confederation (1815-1866).

Serbian revolution

Was an uprising against Ottoman rule in Serbia.

Napoleonic Polities

Napoleonic creations. It includes also principalities created in Germany but not German polities that already existed and just changed name or form.

French Revolutionary States

Polities created during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars by France. It includes also principalities created in Germany in the Napoleonic era but not German polities that already existed and just changed name or form.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.

XIX Century

Greek War of Independence

Was the war of indipendence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire.

Revolutions of 1848

Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.

Wars of Italian Unification

Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.

XIX Century

World War I

Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.

1900-1945

1900-1945

Italo-Turkish War

Was a war beteen the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire caused by Italian colonial ambitions. It resulted in the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese and of the Libyan coast (the interior was nominally ceded to Italy but not under its control).

World War I

Bolsheviks (Russian Civil War)

Bolshevik territories during the Russian Civil War (1917-1923).

Separatists (Russian Civil War)

Local secessionist polities during the Russian Civil War (1917-1923) that were neither communists nor whites.

Whites (Russian Civil War)

Conservative countries - in many cases created with the support of western europeans, japanese and U.S. - during the Russian Civil War (1917-1923).

Russian Civil War

Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.

Austria-Hungary Fragmentation

Warsaw Pact

Countries that at some point where part of the Warsaw Pact (1955-1991).

Italian Irredentism after World War I

World War II

Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.

Dismemberement of Czechoslovakia

On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The Munich Agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. Germany dismembered Czechoslovakia.

World War II

Cold War

Cold War

Post–Cold War era

End of the Cold War

Post-Soviet Conflicts

Are a series of conflicts that are considered to be a consequence of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Post–Cold War era

After 2010