France and Benelux

Modern-day Countries in this region

Coastline Changes

Important changes to the coastlines throughout History.

Etruscan Polities

All the polities founded by the Etruscan people between the 9th and 1st century BC.

Phoenician Polities

All the Phoenician polities founded within Phoenicia.

Greek Poleis

Independent Greek poleis in the Mediterranean Basin between the 8th and 4th century BC.

classical period of Ancient Greece

Rome

Roman Republic Classic Wars

Ancient history

Roman Republic Internal Wars

Principate Times of Rome

Barbarian kingdoms

Polities created by Germanic people (and a few other like the Alans) during the early Middle Ages.

Gothic Wars

Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.

Crisis of the Third Century

Polities emerged during the crisis of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century (such as the Palmyrene Kingdom and the Gallic Empire)

Civil wars of the Tetrarchy

Factions during the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306-324 AD).

Tetrarchy

Frankish Polities

Medieval polities emerged from the many divisions of the Frankish Kingdom (and later empire).

Constantinian dynasty

Civil war of the Constantinian Dynasty

Polities ruled by the successors of Constantine The Great after his death (337 AD).

Early Barbarian Invasions

Late Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

western roman empire

Definitive Division of the Roman Empire

After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor of the whole Roman Empire, the empire was divided between his two sons in a Western and Eastern part.

Western Roman Empire

Barbarian Invasions

Celtic Polities of Brittany

Celtic polities founded in Brittany between the 4th and 9th century AD.

Frankish Partitions

The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.

Visigothic Kingdom de facto controlled by the Ostrogoths

Was a period of the Visigothic Kingdom when it was indirectly controlled by the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.

Early Middle Ages

Early Eastern Roman Empire

Lombard Polities

Polities created by the Lombards in the early Middle Ages.

The Lombards

Early Muslim conquests

Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.

China-Tibet Wars

Were the many wars fought by the Chinese Tang Empire and the Tibetan Empire.

arab caliphate

Umayyad Invasion of Europe

Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.

Reconquista

Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.

Holy Roman Empire

Polities that at some point were part of the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806).

Invasion of Saxony

Were a series of invasions of Saxony by the Frankish Kingdom to impose them the Christian faith.

Abbasid Revolution

Was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517 CE).

Small Arab Emirates in Europe

All the Emirates founded by Arabs in Europe (outside the Iberian Peninsula).

Catalan counties

Medieval Catalan Counties between 778 and the mid-11th century.

The Franks

Hungarian invasions

Norse/Viking Polities

Polities created by the Norsemen in Europe and North America during the Middle Ages.

Early Middle Ages

Incoronation of Hugh Capet

Hugh Capet was incoronated King of the western Franks, starting the Capetian dynasty which would rule France until the XIX century.

Maritime Republics

Thalassocratic city-states of the Mediterranean Basin during the Middle Ages. Founded around the 9th century, in some cases they lasted until the 18th and 19th centuries (Venice, Genoa, Ragusa).

High Middle Ages

Viking Era in Britain

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.

Confederation of the Rhine

Polities that at some point were part of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806-1813).

High Middle Ages

Late Middle Ages

Hundred Years' War

Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.

Wars of the Guelderian Succession

Were a series of wars over the succession of the Duchy of Gueldria.

European wars of religion

Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.

Navarrese Civil War

Was a civil war in the Kingdom of Navarre caused by the succession dispute started after the death of Queen Blanche I. The war pitted the supporters of Juan II of Aragon (the husband of Queen Blanche against Charles (the son of Blanche and Juan). The ware resulted in the victory of Juan II who united Aragon and Navarre in personal union.

Wars of the Roses

Were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century. These wars were fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the male lines of the two branches, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim to the throne.

Bundschuh movement

Were a series of localized peasant rebellions in southwestern Germany.

Late Middle Ages

Italian Wars

Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

Early modern period

Northern Wars

A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.

Personal Union of Scotland and England

In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.

War of the Jülich Succession

Was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Brandenburg and the Palatinate.

Early modern period

Anglo-Spanish War (1654-60)

Was a war between the Kingdom of Spains and the Commonwealth of England caused by commercial rivalry.

Franco-Dutch War

Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.

German Confederation

Polities that at some point were part of the German Confederation (1815-1866).

War of the Spanish Succession

The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.

War of the Polish Succession

Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.

War of the Austrian Succession

Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.

Silesian Wars

Were a series of wars between the Habsburg Domains and Prussia for the control of Silesia. The war started during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Habsburg-held Silesia.

Seven Years' War

Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

Sister Republic

Created by the french during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802).

French Revolutionary States

Polities created during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars by France. It includes also principalities created in Germany in the Napoleonic era but not German polities that already existed and just changed name or form.

Napoleonic Polities

Napoleonic creations. It includes also principalities created in Germany but not German polities that already existed and just changed name or form.

XIX Century

XIX Century

Revolutions of 1848

Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.

Wars of Italian Unification

Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.

German Unification Wars

Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.

World War I

Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.

1900-1945

World War II

Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.

1900-1945

Spanish Civil War

Was a civil war in Spain fought between the Republicans (that wanted to keep the current Republican system) and the Nationalists (that wanted to end the Republican system and replace it with a Monarchy or a Fascist regime). The war resulted in the victory of the Conservatives led by General Francisco Franco, who established a totalitarian regime in Spain.

Vichy France Colonies

World War II

Cold War