First Fitna
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Was a civil war at the end of the Rashidun Caliphate that led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Chronology
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January 657: Uthman Ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house. The people of Medina asked Ali, who had been chief judge in Medina, to become the Caliph and he accepted, establishing the Umayyad Caliphate. Muawiya, governor of Syria and distant cousin of Othman, disputed Ali's legitimacy.
July 657: They were separated from him. Following the Battle of Siffin Ali agreed to settle the dispute with Mu'awiya, governor of Syria.
July 658: Battle of Nahrawan: Rashidun Caliphate victory.
Was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between Caliph Hasan ibn Ali and Mu'awiya I (r. 661-680) to bring the First Fitna (656-661) to an end.
January 662: In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya.
