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Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
Chronology
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January 1780: The Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha, retook the city, following Karim Khan's death.
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
October 1514: Due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries, the Ottomans evacuated the territories occupied in Persia.
August 1514: In 1514, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, briefly occupied and plundered the Safavid capital, Tabriz. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Ismail I, over territorial disputes and control of the region.
October 1514: The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids.
August 1514: Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.
2.1.First campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1534: Tabriz conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1534: In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the pashalik of Baghdad.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan, then part of the Safavid Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. This marked the end of Safavid control over Azerbaijan and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region.
January 1535: The Ottomans attacked Safavid Iraq.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty, led by Shah Tahmasp I. The Safavids were able to regain control of the territory from the Ottomans, securing their rule in the region.
2.2.Second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
August 1548: Siege of Van by the Ottomans.
2.3.Third campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1555: Erzurum is conquered by Ottoman forces.
January 1554: The Safavids occupy Erzurum.
2.4.Peace of Amasya
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555.
May 1555: Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the Ottomans and the Persians, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
May 1555: Between 1555 and 1804 it was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
January 1588: In 1587, Ottoman forces under the Governor of Baghdad, Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, managed to take Luristan and Hamadan.
January 1586: Tabriz was a significant city in Persia at the time, and Osman Pasha was a prominent Ottoman military leader. The capture of Tabriz by the Ottoman forces marked a significant military achievement for the Ottoman Empire in their expansion efforts.
September 1576: The Ottomans took Akhaltsikhe in August 1576.
September 1578: Shirvan fell to the Ottomans before the end of the summer of 1578. The Ottomans had now control of almost all Persian territories west of the Caspian Sea coast.
January 1589: The Ottoman commander Farhād Pasha advanced into Karabakh through Georgia. Many of the Turkic Qizilbash tribes, which formed the backbone of the Safavid military, submitted without any significant resistance in order to protect their own interests.
January 1579: Georgian princes which had fallen under Ottoman rule several years before, now changed their allegiance back to Safavid Iran, which they demonstrated by killing large numbers of Sunnis.
3.1.Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign
Was a military Ottoman expedition launched in 1578 by grand-vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha against Persia.
August 1578: Some Samtskhian nobles, including the brother of the ruler, accepted Ottoman vassalage.
January 1578: Samtskhe-Saatabago revolted against Ottoman rule.
August 1578: Turkish armies defeated the coalition of Irano-Georgian forces in the Battle of Çıldır.
September 1578: King of Kakheti, Alexander acted wisely and made peace with the Ottomans on September 1, agreeing on the payment of annual tribute. Because of this agreement, the Kingdom of Kakheti managed to escape the war completely unharmed.
August 1578: The Ottomans continued their expansion against the Safavids, and by the August 24 took the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.
3.2.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
March 1590: According to the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
4.1.Safavid Invasion (1603)
Was the Safavid invasion of the Ottoman Empire.
November 1603: The Safavid army, led by Shah Abbas I, laid siege to Yerevan.
December 1604: The Safavids advanced towards Kars before being stopped in Akhaltsikhe.
October 1603: Tabriz, a major city in northwestern Iran, was captured by the Safavid Empire.
November 1603: In 1603, the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Abbas I, entered Nakhchivan, a strategic territory located in present-day Azerbaijan.
January 1604: In 1603, Safavid armies led by Shah Abbas I captured Tbilisi, leading to the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti becoming Safavid dependencies.
July 1604: The Safavid army captured Yerevan.
July 1606: Abbas I was able to liberate Ganja, Baku, Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan.
4.2.Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed on 20 November 1612 and ended the first phase of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618).
November 1612: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed by the Persians and by the Ottomans. It restored the border of 1555 established by the Peace of Amasya.
4.3.Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
Were a series of campaigns by Safavid king Abbas I in the Caucasus.
January 1613: In 1612, tensions between the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in Georgia and the Shah of Iran escalated when Teimuraz and Luarsab, Georgian rebels, executed pro-Iranian nobility, including the governor of Karabakh. This event marked a turning point in the conflict between Georgia and Iran.
April 1614: Shah Abbas I of Persia led the Iranian armies that invaded the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in March 1614. This marked the beginning of the Persian occupation of the region, with Kartli eventually coming under Persian control.
April 1614: Shah Abbas I of Persia led the Iranian armies that invaded the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti in March 1614. This marked the beginning of the Persian occupation of the region, with Kakheti eventually becoming a vassal state of Persia.
4.4.Ottoman Invasion (1619)
In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded the Safavid Empire.
January 1619: In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded and easily seized Tabriz.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
September 1635: Tabriz conquered by turkey.
August 1635: The Turkish Army captured Yerevan on 8 August.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
January 1634: In 1633, the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti, ruled by King Teimuraz, rebelled against Safavid rule. This defiance led to the territory falling into the hands of Georgian rebels, escalating tensions on the Caucasian front of the Persians.
January 1635: In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah of Persia to subdue the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Teimuraz I, the ruler of Kartli, was defeated in the conflict.
June 1636: Persian ruler Shah Safi retook Yerevan and Tabriz after defeating an Ottoman army.
December 1638: In 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days.
January 1635: In 1634, Rustam Khan, a Georgian convert to Islam, was sent by the Shah of Persia to subdue the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Teimuraz I, the ruler of Kartli, was defeated by Rustam Khan during this campaign.
5.1.Safavid Invasion (1624)
Was a Safavid military campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
January 1624: The Persians, led by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid Empire, besieged Baghdad in 1624.
January 1625: The Persians captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited.
5.2.Treaty of Zuhab
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639).
May 1639: The treaty confirmed the dividing of territories in West Asia priorly held by the Safavids, such as the permanent parting of the Caucasus between the two powers, in which East Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan stayed under the control of the Safavid Empire, while western Georgia and most of Western Armenia came fully under Ottoman rule. It also included all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) being irreversibly ceded to the Ottomans, as well as Safavid-controlled eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti), making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
January 1731: Collapse of the authority of the Iboukhtouchen.
September 1735: Nader Shah, a powerful Persian ruler, defeated the Ottoman forces at Yeghevard in 1735, reclaiming Armenia and Georgia. This marked a significant military achievement for Nader in his campaign to expand Persian territories.
June 1730: In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the late 1720s.
6.1.Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
Was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus.
January 1732: Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans.
6.2.Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
Was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
January 1732: The Safavids ceded Georgia and Armenia to the Ottomans in exchange for Tabriz, a strategic city in northwestern Iran.
6.3.Treaty of Constantinople (1736)
Was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
September 1736: Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Persia signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Afsharid-Ottoman War (1730-35).
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Afsharid Empire.
7.1.Persian Invasion (1740)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746).
July 1740: Kirkuk and Arbil conquered by persia.
September 1740: The siege of Mosul in 1740 was led by the Persian military commander Nader Shah. The city was defended by the Ottoman governor of Mosul, Daud Pasha. After 40 days of intense fighting, Mosul fell to the Persian forces, leading to a period of Persian military occupation in the region.
January 1747: In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand Dynasty of Persia.
January 1776: The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan Zand and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq in 1775. They besieged Basra, leading to the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran.
9.1.Persian Invasion (1822)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823).
January 1822: Battle of Erzurum.
January 1822: Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding Iranian Azerbaijan.
January 1822: In 1821, Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, led a military campaign into Anatolia with 30,000 troops. He clashed with an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum, resulting in the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
Was an Ottoman invasion of Persia that started in 1906.
June 1906: The Ottomans occupied Serdasht and Bani.
May 1906: The Ottomans occupied Behik in Bradest.
January 1912: The Ottomans were expelled from Persia by the Russian Imperial Army in 1911.
August 1906: By 26 August the Ottomans controlled Urumia, where they were already collecting Taxes.
October 1906: Ottoman troops occupied a strip of territory extending from a point south-west of Soujboulak to a point west of Khoi.
Ottoman-Persian Wars
