Peloponnesian War
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Was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.
Chronology
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January 425 BC: The Malian Gulf falls under the hegemony of Sparta.
January 426 BC: Athens took over all the so-called Actaean cities in the Troad.
January 429 BC: The Lycians once again fell under Persian domination, and by 412 BC, Lycia is documented as fighting on the winning side of Persia.
January 427 BC: In -428, the city of Methymna left the Delian League, which was led by Athens at the time. The Delian League was an alliance of Greek city-states formed to defend against the Persian Empire, but Athens eventually turned it into an empire of its own.
January 423 BC: Phersu Atlas Assumption: Assumed border corrections due to military occupations and reorganization (based on maps).
January 426 BC: Pyrrha fell to the Athenian general Paches.
January 430 BC: In 429 BC, Athens sent an expedition against Lycia to try to force it to rejoin the League. This failed when Lycia's leader Gergis/Kheriga of Xanthos defeated Athenian General Melesander.
January 427 BC: Antissa left the Delean League.
January 429 BC: Herakleion passed into Athenian control in the years 430/29, 425/4.
January 428 BC: It is said that, after the Battle of Naupactus in 429 BC, the Athenians made an expedition through Acarnania in which they restored the leader of Koronta.
January 428 BC: Herakleion conquered by Macedon.
January 427 BC: Caria returned to Achaemenid rule for about one century, from around 428 BC.
January 427 BC: In -428, the city-state of Eresos left the Delian League, which was led by Athens at the time.
January 427 BC: In -428, the city of Mytilene left the Delian League led by Athens. This decision was made during the Peloponnesian War, a conflict between Athens and Sparta.
January 427 BC: In -428, the city-state of Pyrrha left the Delian League.
January 426 BC: The Beotian League was destroyed in 427 BC.
January 426 BC: Antissa fell to the Athenian general Paches.
January 426 BC: Eresos fell to the Athenian general Paches.
January 426 BC: Methymna fell to the Athenian general Paches.
January 426 BC: Mytilene fell to the Athenian general Paches and, along with the other cities of the island except for Methymna, had an Athenian cleruchy imposed on it.
January 425 BC: Aigition was fortified in 426 BC.
January 425 BC: During the Peloponnesian War, the city of Naxos revolted against the Delian League led by Athens in -426. The rebellion lasted until -410, when the Athenian Empire regained control of the territory.
January 424 BC: In 425 BC, the army of Acarnania and the Athenians of Naupatto led an expedition against the city of Anactorio and managed to conquer it following a betrayal. They expelled the Corinthians and the city was occupied by the Acarnanians.
January 424 BC: Odessos was included in the assessment of the Delian league of 425 BC.
January 424 BC: Platamon passed into Athenian control.
January 423 BC: Mesambria (Pontos: West Coast) joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.
January 423 BC: Platamon conquered by Macedonia.
January 423 BC: Argilo left the Delian League.
January 423 BC: The place where this event occurred was Amphipolis, a strategic city in ancient Macedonia. Brasidas was a Spartan general known for his military prowess, while Cleon was an Athenian general and politician. The territory of Amphipolis was eventually regained by Cleon after it was briefly occupied by Brasidas.
January 423 BC: In 425/4 BC Mesambria (Thrace) joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.
January 422 BC: The territory of Amphipolis was occupied by the Spartan general Brasidas in 424 BC during the Peloponnesian War. However, it was later recovered by the Athenian general Cleon in the following year, -423 BC.
January 414 BC: Orneai was destroyed c.416/15.
January 412 BC: After Athenian alliance with Perdiccas II in 413 BC it became again a city of Macedon.
January 409 BC: The region of -410 that fell under Spartan control was the city of Athens. This transfer of power occurred during the Peloponnesian War, a conflict between Athens and Sparta. The war lasted from 431 to 404 BC and resulted in Sparta emerging as the dominant power in Greece.
January 409 BC: King Archelaus I of Macedonia besieged the city by Pydna.
Was the first phase of the Peloponnesian War and consisted in Sparta's invasion of the territories of Athens. The phase is known as the Archidamian War (431-421 BC) after Sparta's king Archidamus II.
January 429 BC: In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens. The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy.
January 423 BC: The Spartan general Brasidas raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled several nearby silver mines. An Athenian force arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis.
January 430 BC: The Spartan strategy during the first war, known as the Archidamian War, was to invade the land surrounding Athens. The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time.Iin the tradition of earlier hoplite warfare the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest. Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long periods of time. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just forty days. We assume, however, that Sparta controlled Attica.
1.1.Mytilenean revolt
The city of Mytilene attempted to unify the island of Lesbos under its control and revolted against the Athenian Empire.
January 428 BC: 428-427 BC: the city of Mytilene attempted to unify the island of Lesbos under its control and revolt from the Athenian Empire.
1.2.Peace of Nicias
Was a peace treaty signed between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta that ended the first phase of the Peloponnesian War.
April 421 BC: The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce.
Was an Athenian military expedition in Sicily against the poleis of Syracuse, an ally of Sparta. The expedition ended in a devastating defeat for the Athenian forces.
November 415 BC: During the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians, led by general Alcibiades, conquered Hykkara, an ally of Segesta in -415. They enslaved the population and razed the city to the ground before moving towards Segesta and Catania.
December 415 BC: During the Sicilian Expedition, the Athenians, led by Alcibiades, conquered Hykkara in -415, a city allied with Segesta. They enslaved the population and destroyed the city. After the conquest, the Athenian troops split, with one group heading towards Catania and the other towards Segesta.
June 414 BC: In the spring of 414 BC the Athenians took the initiative again (for the last time) and began the siege of Syrakousai. With a coup d'état they managed to take the strategically important Epipolai (high field) north of the city.
June 414 BC: The Athenian fleet took the portof Syrakousai.
September 413 BC: After having finished their resources they Athenians tried to escape by sea and land but were unsuccesfull and were captured by the syracusans.
Was the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, where Sparta allied with Persia against Athens, which capitulated and lost its empire.
January 403 BC: After a prolonged siege by Sparta, Athens surrendered. As a consequence Athens had to form an alliance with Sparta, the Long Walls of the city were demolished, its territory was reduced to just Attica and Salamis and the Delian-Attic league was dissolved.
January 403 BC: The Delian League was dissolved upon the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War with the defeat of Athens (404 BC).
January 403 BC: Despites being defeated by Sparta in 404 BC, Athens soon recovered and re-established her hegemony over Euboea.
October 411 BC: After the Battle of Eretria all of Euboea went over to the Spartans
January 403 BC: Toward the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake Pamphylia.
January 403 BC: Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Adramyttium came again under the control of Mytilene.
January 403 BC: Heraclea Cybistra taken back by Persia.
January 403 BC: Toward the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake several territories.
January 403 BC: After the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC where Sparta defeated Athens, Bisanthe left the Delian League.
January 410 BC: In 411 BC Andros proclaimed its freedom.
January 410 BC: Shortly after the Battle of Syme Rhodes also joined the Spartan alliance.
January 412 BC: If the Sicilian defeat had already been a terrible blow, this was followed by a new invasion of Attica by Spartan troops, the outcome of which was even worse than any other military campaign in Attica. In fact, on the advice of Alcibiades, King Agide II decided to militarily occupy the fortress of Decelea.
January 411 BC: The Spartans consolidated their control over Miletus and the mainland.
January 411 BC: Late in the Peloponnesian War (412 BC), the city of Chios revolted again. This rebellion was part of the ongoing power struggles between Athens and Sparta during the final years of the war.
January 411 BC: Late in the Peloponnesian War (412 BC), the city of Erythrai in Ionia revolted again with Chios and Clazomenae. This rebellion was part of the ongoing power struggles between Athens and Sparta, with Erythrai seeking to assert its independence from Athenian control.
January 411 BC: Late in the Peloponnesian War (412 BC), the city of Miletus revolted again along with Chios and Klazomenai. This rebellion was part of the ongoing power struggles between Athens and Sparta during the final years of the war.
January 410 BC: During the oligarchical revolution in Athens in -411 BC, Thasos revolted from Athens and was placed under the control of Sparta. This period marked a time of political upheaval in ancient Greece, with power struggles between different city-states and factions.
January 410 BC: Byzantium was besieged by Greek forces during the Peloponnesian War. As part of Sparta's strategy for cutting off grain supplies to Athens during their siege of Athens, Sparta took control of the city in 411 BC, to bring the Athenians into submission.
January 410 BC: During the Second Peloponnesian War, a Spartan expedition led by Dercylidas arrived at Abydos in early May 411 BC and successfully convinced the city to defect from the Delian League.
January 407 BC: Siege of Byzantium (408 BC). The Athenians conquer Byzantium.
January 406 BC: In 407 BC the partisans of Lacedaemon were expelled, and the Athenians under Thrasybulus were admitted.
September 405 BC: Sparta ended the siege of Athens after almost a year.
January 404 BC: After the Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC), Thasos again fell into the hands of the Lacedaemonians.
April 404 BC: The Battle of Aegospotami was the Spartan naval victory that ended the Peloponnesian War: in the battle the Spartan fleet, commanded by Lysander, completely destroyed the Athenian one, ending the war. Fearing retaliation from the victorious Spartans, the Athenians decided to resist the siege, led by Nicias' brother Eucrates, but they had no hope: with no fleet to import grain from the Black Sea, Athens was on the verge of starvation, so it surrendered.
January 403 BC: The decisive battle of Aegospotami in -404 BC was fought between the Athenian navy, led by Admiral Conon, and the Spartan navy, led by Lysander. The Spartans emerged victorious.
January 403 BC: After the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC where Sparta defeated Athens, Perinthos left the Delian League.
January 403 BC: After the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC where Sparta defeated Athens, Selymbria left the Delian League.
January 403 BC: After the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC where Sparta defeated Athens, Serrion Teichos left the Delian League.
January 403 BC: After the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC where Sparta defeated Athens, Byzantion left the Delian League.
January 403 BC: In -404, the city of Athens was a member of the Attic-Delic Sea League, an alliance of city-states in ancient Greece. The league was led by Athens and played a significant role in the politics and military affairs of the region during that time.
January 403 BC: In the 5th century BC, Athenai was a member of the Attic-Delic Sea League, led by the powerful Athenian Empire. This league was formed to protect against Persian invasions and maintain Athenian dominance in the region.
January 413 BC: The already serious Athenian situation got even worse when Euboea, Lesbos, Chios, Erythrae, Clazomene, Ephesus, Miletus and Mytilene decided to send ambassadors to Sparta to arrange an uprising against Athens.
Selected Sources
Bleckmann, B. (2016): Der Peloponnesische Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 107-113
Malczynski, R (2009): Die griechische Welt im Zeitalter des Aristoteles, Düsseldorf (Germany), pp. 5-6
Spence, I. (2002): Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, Scarecrow Press, p. XXIX
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.25-29
