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Was a period when ancient Egypt was broken into smaller dynasties for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom.
Chronology
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Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
January 1704 BC: Pharaoh Nehesi founded a separate Dynasty (the XIV Dynasty) in Avaris around 1705 BC.
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1693 BC: The sixth nome of Lower Egypt, whose capital was Xoïs, was ruled by the XIVth dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. It is unclear whether this Dynasty also ruled at the same time over Avaris.
The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1650-1550 BC).
January 1649 BC: The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin, who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Based at the city of Avaris in the Nile delta, from where they ruled the northern part of the country.
January 1642 BC: The Pharaohs of the XIIIth dynasty ruled over most of Egypt until Dedumose I. Then the Hyksos seized seized Egypt, thanks to the support of their superior technology.
3.1.Foundation of the Hyksos Kingdom at Avaris (XV Dinasty)
The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1650-1550 BC).
January 1659 BC: The XVth Dynasty of Egypt was formed in Avaris around 1660 by the Hyksôs, which means "heads of foreign countries". We do not know their exact origin but they must have been either a people from the Middle East or a coalition of peoples who had immigrated to the delta from the Middle Kingdom. The Hyksos probably conquered also Xois.
3.2.Xois conquered by the Hyksos
The Hyksos Kingdom conquered the Egyptian dynasty ruling in Xois.
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1649 BC: The discovery of the tomb of an unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, accredits the thesis of a possible local dynasty, baptized "Dynasty of Abydos" which would be parallel to the XVth and XVIth dynasties.
January 1599 BC: The Abydos Dynasty disappeared approximately in 1600 BC.
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1621 BC: The XVIIth dynasty was born in Thebes, resulting from a local branch of the XIIIth dynasty, and whose first representative was King Intef V. The dynasty reigned over the first eight nomes of Upper Egypt.
Was the secession of territories in Nubia during the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt.
6.1.Secession of Nédjeh
Nédjeh seceded from the Kingdom of Egypt and created a dynasty (the XVII dynasty) that ruled in Nubia between Elephantine and the second cataract of the Nile.
January 1569 BC: Nedjeh founded a Nubian kingdom between Elephantine and the second cataract of the Nile, whose capital was Buhen.
The Egyptian dynasty of Thebes reconquered most of the secessionist polities and reuinited Egypt.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta.
January 1559 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose, of the XVIIth dynasty reconquered Nubia.
January 1559 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I conquered Thebes.
Selected Sources
"Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014 on https://web.archive.org/web/20150420164031/http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/1032-pharaoh-senebkay-discovery-josef-wegner.html
Bietak, Manfred (2001). "Hyksos". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–143.
Bunson, M.R. (2014): Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, p. 110
Detlef Franke, « Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens », dans : Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259
Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC, Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, 463 p
Second Intermediate Period
