Sicilian Wars
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Were a series of conflicts fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
Chronology
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January 489 BC: Cleander of Gela and his brother Hippocrates successfully took over both Ionian and Dorian Greek territory, and by 490 BC, Zankle, Leontini, Catana, Naxos, besides neighboring Sicel lands and Camarina had fallen under Gelan control.
January 539 BC: The Phoenician city of Motya remained independent until becoming part of the Carthaginian hegemony some time after 540 BC.
January 489 BC: Anaxilas of Rhegion was a tyrant of Rhegion, an ancient Greek city in Italy. Zankle, now known as Messina, was a Greek colony in Sicily. Gela was another Greek city-state in Sicily. Anaxilas captured Zankle from Gela in 490 BC, establishing his control over the territory.
January 484 BC: Gelo, successor of Hippocrates, captured Syracuse in 485 BC and made the city his capital.
January 464 BC: In 465 BC, the city of Syracuse rebelled against the rule of Gela.
January 464 BC: In 465 BC, the city of Megara in Sicily rebelled against the rule of the tyrant Theron of Akragas. The territory was subsequently taken over by the powerful city-state of Syracuse, led by the tyrant Hieron I.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 482 BC: Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, came to the aid of Terrilus, the tyrant of Himera, after he was overthrown by Theron, the ruler of Akragas in Sicily, in 483 BC. This intervention led to a significant conflict between Carthage and Akragas.
1.1.Battle of Alalia
Took place between 540 BCE and 535 BCE off the coast of Corsica between Greeks and the allied Etruscans and Carthaginians. The Greeks evacuated Corsica, which was captured by the Etruscans, while Carthage maintained its hold on Sardinia.
January 534 BC: The naval Battle of Alalia took place ca. 535 BC off the coast of Corsica between Greeks of Phocaea and Massilia and the allied Etruscans and Carthaginians. The battle was won by the Etruscans and Carthaginians.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 404 BC: The city of Gela is captured and destroyed.
January 403 BC: The plague struck the Carthaginian army again, and Himilco agreed to a peace treaty that left the Carthaginians in control of all the recent conquests, with Selinus, Thermae, Akragas, Gela and Camarina as tributary vassals.
January 408 BC: Hannibal Mago succeeded in capturing Selinus after winning the Battle of Selinus.
January 408 BC: Hannibal Mago, a Carthaginian general, destroyed Himera in -409 after winning the Second Battle against the Greek city-state. This victory allowed Carthage to gain control of the territory previously held by Himera.
January 408 BC: After the Punic invasion of 409 BC, the ancient Greek city of Herakleia Minoa, located in Sicily, fell under the control of Carthage. This marked a significant shift in power in the region, as Carthage expanded its influence in the Mediterranean.
February 408 BC: Hannibal Mago, a Carthaginian general, destroyed Himera after winning the Second Battle against the Greek city-state. The territory of Himera then went to Akragas, another Greek city-state in Sicily. This event took place in -408.
January 405 BC: Himilco, Hannibal Mago's successor, captured and sacked Akragas.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 395 BC: Diodorus Siculus writes that the territory of Abakainon was expropriated by Dionysius I, Tyrant of Syracuse.
January 395 BC: Henna, in 396 BC, passed into the hands of the Syracusans.
September 398 BC: By 398 BC, Dionysius had consolidated his strength and broke the peace treaty, commencing the Siege of Motya and capturing the city.
January 397 BC: Himilco responded decisively to Dionysius I, leading an expedition which not only reclaimed Motya, but also captured Messina.
January 397 BC: Spartan expedition to Ionia in 398 BC. Agesilaus campaigned effectively against the Persians in Lydia, advancing as far inland as Sardis. The satrap Tissaphernes was executed for his failure to contain Agesilaus, and his replacement, Tithraustes, bribed the Spartans to move north, into the satrapy of Pharnabazus, Hellespontine Phrygia.
January 397 BC: Larisa (Troas) is freed by the Spartan Dercylidas in 398 BC.
September 397 BC: Himilco laid siege to Syracuse itself after decisively defeating the Greeks in the naval Battle of Catana. .
January 395 BC: In 396 BC a plague ravaged the Carthaginian forces, and they collapsed.
January 395 BC: Carthage lost her new Greek conquests - Motya, Messina, Selinus, Thermae, Akragas, Gela and Camarina - to Syrakousai.
January 395 BC: In 396 BC, the city of Henna was conquered by the Syracusans, led by the famous Greek general Dionysius I. This marked a significant expansion of Syracusai's territory in Sicily during this time period.
January 395 BC: Morgantina, in 396 BC, was conquered by Dionysius I of Syracuse.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 375 BC: After the battle of Cronium the Carthaginians received Selinous and Acragas.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 366 BC: Dionysius again attacked Punic possessions in 368 BC, and laid siege to Lilybaeum. The defeat of his fleet was a severe setback. After his death in 367 BC, his son Dionysius II made peace with Carthage, and Carthage retained her Sicilian possessions west of the Halcyas and Himeras rivers.
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 338 BC: After the Battle of the Crimissus the border between Carthage and Syracuse is set at the Halcays river ("The following peace treaty left Carthage in control of territories west of the Halcyas river.").
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 305 BC: Syracusan tyrant Agathocles negotiated a peace treaty with the Carthaginians in 306 BC, in which he retained control of the eastern half of the island.
January 314 BC: In 315 BC, Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse, seized the city of Messana, present-day Messina. Agathocles was a powerful and ambitious ruler who sought to expand his territory and influence in Sicily during this time. The capture of Messana was a strategic move in his efforts to control the region.
January 309 BC: The two armies met in the first Battle of White Tunis outside Carthage. The Carthaginian army, under Hanno and Hamilcar, was defeated. Agathocles and his forces laid siege to Carthage, but it was too strongly fortified for them to assault. Instead, the Greeks slowly occupied the whole of northern Tunisia.
January 306 BC: The Syracusan invaders were defeated by Carthage in 307 BC.
January 310 BC: Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Navigator, successfully led the Carthaginian counterattack. He defeated Agathocles in the Battle of the Himera River in 311 BC. Agathocles had to retreat to Syracuse while Hamilcar won control over the rest of Sicily.
January 310 BC: Hamilcar, son of Gisgo and grandson of Hanno the Great, led a campaign against Agathocles of Syracuse during the Third Sicilian War. He laid siege of Syracuse from 311 to 309 BC.
January 308 BC: In desperation, Agathocles secretly led an expedition of 14,000 men to the mainland of Africa, hoping to save his rule by leading a counterstrike against Carthage itself. In this, he was successful: Carthage was forced to recall Hamilcar and most of his army from Sicily to face the new and unexpected threat.
Selected Sources
Spence, I. (2002): Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, Scarecrow Press, p. XXII
