Umayyad Invasion of Europe
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Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.
Chronology
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Was an Umayyad Caliphate invasion of the Iberian Peninsula from c. 710-780. The conquest resulted in the defeat of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
June 712: In 712, Merida was under siege by the Umayyad Caliphate forces led by 'Abd-el-Aziz, son of Musa. The city surrendered on June 30, 712, marking the end of the siege and the territory coming under Umayyad control.
August 710: Landing of Tarif ibn Malik on the island of Tarifa.
January 711: The Muslims then took Ceuta (710), the stronghold which had been the focus of a constant struggle between the Visigoths and the Byzantines.
April 711: Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber Muslim commander, landed in Algeciras in 711 on orders from the Umayyad Caliphate. He led the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, known as the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
July 711: Battle of the Guadalete.
November 711: Toledo was conquered by Musa, almost without resistance, before the end of the year 711.
January 712: The well-armed Muslim forces then easily conquered, almost without resistance, Medina-Sidonia. Then they will besiege Seville, but it only falls after a month-long siege.
January 712: A new battle takes place near Écija, against the remnants of the royal army and reinforcements raised on Andalusia, which had been mustered thanks to the month-long resistance of Seville. But the Muslims prevail once again.
January 712: To join him, Tariq followed the Roman road from Linares (a city already controlled by the Muslims), through Despeñaperros and Consuegra (Consabura) to Toledo, leaving only a few troops in the south.
January 712: In 711, the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, continued its conquest along the Roman road, capturing the towns of Cáceres and Talavera la Vieja in present-day Spain. This marked the expansion of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
June 712: With the arrival of spring, the Muslim army advances along the Roman road that connects Toledo with the cities of Alcalá de Henares, Guadalajara, Sigüenza and Medinaceli, which are successively occupied.
January 713: In 712, the Umayyad Caliphate captured the administrative centers and strongholds of Clunia, Amaya, Leon, and Astorga in the Iberian Peninsula. These cities were important strategic locations during the Muslim conquest of the region.
January 713: Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber general serving the Umayyad Caliphate, led the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 712. Calatayud was a strategic town he passed through on his way to capturing Zaragoza, a major city in the region.
January 713: From Zaragoza, Tariq marched west, following the Roman road from Zaragoza to Astorga, and subdued the middle and upper reaches of the Ebro.
January 713: Tariq passed through Amaya and arrived in Astorga, capital of the Visigoth province Asturiensis.
January 713: The Arabs receive the submission of several cities of these two provinces, including Gijón on the coast of Asturias.
April 713: Agreement between the Umayyads and the visigothic Count Teodomiro, governor of Orihuela and a vast surrounding territory. This agreement covers seven cities (Orihuela, Alicante, Elche, Mula, Hellín, Lorca, and a last unidentifiable one).
January 714: In 713, the Umayyad Caliphate occupied Cartagena, recognizing its strategic port significance. This decision was made during the rule of Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi, the Umayyad governor of Al-Andalus.
January 715: In 714, the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Abdelaziz, conquered the territories of Huelva, Faro, Beja, Évora, Santarem, and Lisbon in present-day Portugal and Spain. This campaign was part of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
January 715: Whole Galicia is under Umayyad control.
January 717: In 716, the Umayyad Caliphate conquered the cities of Huesca, Barbastro, Lleida, Tarragona, Barcelona, and Girona in the Iberian Peninsula. This marked the expansion of Muslim rule in the region and the subjugation of the Visigothic Kingdom.
January 717: In 716, the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi, reached a surrender agreement with Pamplona, a city in the Kingdom of Asturias. This marked the beginning of Muslim rule in the region and the incorporation of Pamplona into the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 712: They then went on to take other cities in eastern Andalusia, such as Malaga and Granada in the south, and Martos, Jaen and Baeza in the north.
1.1.Revolt of Asturias
The Hispano-Visigothic nobleman Pelagius began a revolt against the Islamic rule of Hispania and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
1.2.Campaign of Septimania
Umayyad military campaign in Septimania (southern France).
January 720: Narbona conquered by Umayyad Caliphate.
January 721: Perpignan conquered by Umayyad Caliphate.
June 721: The Battle of Toulouse in 721 was a decisive victory for the Frankish forces led by Duke Odo of Aquitaine against the Umayyad Caliphate. Al-Samh was the Umayyad governor of Al-Andalus who led the unsuccessful campaign. His defeat marked the end of Umayyad control in the region.
January 722: Siege of Toulouse.
January 725: After the defeat of the Visigoths in 711, the Umayyad Caliphate continued its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. In 724, Carcassonne, a key city in the Visigoth kingdom, fell to the Umayyad forces led by the Berber general Al-Samh. This marked the end of Visigothic resistance in the region.
January 726: The conquest of the Visigoth Kingdom, reduced to a rump state in Septimania, was ended by the Umayyads.
Were a series of wars between the Umayyad Caliphate, which had conquered the Iberian Peninsula, and the Frankish Kingdom.
December 732: End of the sack of Aquitaine by the Muslim army.
January 753: Siege of Narbonne (759).
January 760: Siege of Narbonne: After the fall of Narbonne, the Muslims are forced to withdraw from Septimania and retreat beyond the Pyrenees.
June 778: A double expedition was set up in the spring of 778, and during the summer the two armies met in front of Zaragoza, but at that time the city was held by loyalists, contrary to what Suleyman claimed. Threatened with intervention from the Emir of Cordoba, the Franks lift the siege and leave Spain, after looting Pamplona.
January 786: In 785, the Kingdom of the Franks, led by King Charlemagne, took control of Gerona, a city in modern-day Spain.
June 732: 732: A Muslim army under Abd ar-Rahman defeats an army of Duke Eudos of Aquitaine (or Odo the Great) near Bordeaux. The Moors then sack Aquitaine.
The Emirate of Córdoba conquers the Balearic Islands.
January 903: Ibiza and Maiorca conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
January 904: Balearic Islands conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
