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Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of armed conflicts between New Spain, and its successor state, the Mexican Republic, against the Yaqui Natives.
January 1828: In 1827 Banderas' forces were defeated by Mexicans in the vicinity of Hermosillo. This defeat was partly due to the Yaquis having primarily bows and arrows, while the Mexicans had guns. After this defeat, Banderas negotiated a peace with the West.
January 1743: In 1740, the Yaqui tribe, along with the Mayo, Opata, and Pima tribes, united to resist Spanish colonization in the Rio Yaqui Valley. By 1742, they successfully drove the colonists out of the territory.
August 1896: August 12–14, 1896: armed conflict that took place in the Mexican state of Sonora and the American state of Arizona over several days in August 1896.
Were a series of skirmishes between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier.
October 1768: To address the issue of settlers living beyond the boundaries established by earlier treaties, John Stuart, the Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a treaty on October 17, 1768. This agreement resulted in the Cherokee surrendering their claims to lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the Colony of Virginia. This territory now encompasses most of West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, as well as a portion of southwestern Pennsylvania.
November 1768: After Pontiac's War, the Iroquois Confederacy ceded to the British government its claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland rivers, known to them and other Indians as Kain-tuck-ee, in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
October 1794: Georgia officials signed a new treaty with a few compliant Lower Muscogee micos (headmen) in which the latter ceded the land between the Altamaha and St. Mary's Rivers, and from the head of the latter to the Oconee River. They called this wide stretch of land the Tallassee Country,
March 1775: Richard Henderson and his investors reached an agreement with the Cherokees to purchase a vast tract of lands west of the southern and central Appalachian Mountains. In the purchased region, they founded the extra-legal Transylvania Colony.
February 1792: The Treaty of Holston (or Treaty of the Holston) was a treaty between the United States government and the Cherokee signed on July 2, 1791, and proclaimed on February 7, 1792. It was negotiated and signed by William Blount, governor of the Southwest Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs for the southern district for the United States, and various representatives of the Cherokee peoples, most notably John Watts. The treaty established terms of relations between the United States and the Cherokee, and established that the Cherokee tribes were to fall under the protection of the United States
January 1791: Treaty of New York of August 1790 with the United States government signed by the "Upper, Middle, and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians". They Ceded the Oconee Country.
December 1785: Valentine Sevier and 90 men went south to what is now South Pittsburg, Tennessee, and built a stockaded settlement and blockhouse in early December 1785.
January 1786: By mid-January 1786, the pioneers tired of the constant life-or-death fighting and ended the project.
2.1.Anglo-Cherokee War
Was a conflict between British forces in North America and Cherokee bands during the French and Indian War.
January 1760: In 1760, the Overhill Cherokee defeated the British colonists at Fort Loudoun and took it over.
Was the western theater of war of the American Revolutionary War. It encompassed engagements primarily in the
Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region and Spanish Louisiana.
3.1.Illinois Campaign
Was a series of engagements during the American Revolutionary War in which a small force of Virginia militia led by George Rogers Clark seized control of several British posts in the Illinois Country of the Province of Quebec, located in modern-day Illinois and Indiana in the Midwestern United States.
Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy.
4.1.Jay Treaty
Was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Among other things, the British agreed to peacefully vacate the forts it still controlled in the United States.
September 1783: Fort Ontario was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort au Fer was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Dutchman's Point. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Lernoult (including Fort Detroit). With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
September 1783: Fort Dutchman's Point was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Lernoult and Fort Detroit were forts that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Oswegatchie was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort au Fer. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Oswegatchie. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Niagara. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Miami. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Mackinac. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Ontario. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
September 1783: Fort Miami was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Mackinac was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Niagara was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
4.2.St. Clair Campaign
Was an unsuccesful U.S. military campaign against the Northwestern Confederacy commanded by Arthur St. Clair.
November 1791: St. Clair's army of 1,486 and 200 camp followers finally departed Fort Washington in October 1791, by which time the confederation had time to prepare. St. Clair stopped to erect Fort Jefferson as a supply depot.
November 1791: St. Clair's force was camped near modern Fort Recovery, Ohio.
November 1791: A Native American force of about 2,000 warriors, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, struck quickly. Surprising the Americans, they soon overran the poorly prepared perimeter. The small Fort Jefferson could not protect the retreating forces, and they were forced to continue all the way to Fort Washington for safety.
February 1792: In January 1792, Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson assumed command of the Second Regiment United States Army at Fort Washington, and constructed Fort St. Clair.
4.3.Wayne Campaign
Was a U.S. military campaign against the Northwestern Confederacy commanded by Anthony Wayne.
November 1793: Upon news of the Grand Council's failure in September, Wayne advanced his troops north into Indian held territory. In November, the Legion built a new fort north of Fort Jefferson, which Wayne named Fort Greeneville on 20 November 1793.
December 1793: Wayne dispatched a detachment of about 300 men to quickly build Fort Recovery.
June 1794: Siege of Fort Recovery.
July 1794: Siege of Fort Recovery.
August 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers.
September 1794: Fort Defiance was built by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the second week of August 1794 at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers.
September 1794: From Fort Recovery, Wayne pushed north in August 1794 and had the Legion construct Fort Adams.
September 1794: Wayne's Legion finally arrived at Kekionga and Wayne personally selected the site for a new U.S. fort. Wayne wanted a strong fort built, capable of withstanding not only an Indian uprising, but a possible attack by the British from Fort Detroit. The fort was finished by 17 October, and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannons. It was named Fort Wayne.
August 1810 - October 5, 1813: conflict between the United States and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.
Was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century.
Were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858.
7.1.First Seminole War
Was the first of a series of three conflicts between the Seminoles and the United States that took place in Florida.
7.1.1.Jackson invades Florida
Was a U.S. military campaign during the First Seminole War.
March 1818: US General Andrew Jackson's army entered Florida, marching down the banks of the Apalachicola River. When they reached the site of the Negro Fort, Jackson had his men construct a new fort, Fort Gadsden.
May 1818: American forces under General Andrew Jackson seize the Spanishheld town of Pensacola, effectively ending the First Seminole War.
March 1818: The Indian town of Anhaica (today's Tallahassee) was burned by U.S. troops.
April 1818: U.S. forces take Fort St. Marks (San Marcos).
April 1818: The town of Miccosukee was taken by the U.S. Army.
7.2.Second Seminole War
Was the second of a series of three conflicts between the Seminoles and the United States that took place in Florida.
December 1835: December 23, 1835 – August 14, 1842.
7.3.Third Seminole War
Was the last of a series of three conflicts between the Seminoles and the United States that took place in Florida.
January 1855: The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) was again the result of Seminoles responding to settlers and U.S. Army scouting parties encroaching on their lands, perhaps deliberately to provoke a violent response that would result in the removal of the last of the Seminoles from Florida.
Were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886.
8.1.Apache-Mexico Wars
Were several conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and the Apache peoples.
January 1831: Conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and the Apache peoples from 1831 into the 1850s. The wars began in the 1600s with the arrival of Spanish colonists in present-day New Mexico. War between the Mexicans and the Apache was especially intense from 1831 into the 1850s.
8.2.Jicarilla War
Was a conflict between the Jicarilla Apaches and the United States Army in the New Mexico Territory.
January 1849: 1849 - 1855: fought between the Jicarilla Apaches and the United States Army in the New Mexico Territory.
8.3.Geronimo's War
Were a series of Apache raids and battles between the U.S. and the Apache that took place in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona.
January 1850: From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Chiricahua Apache bands (the Tchihende, the Tsokanende and the Nednhi) to carry out numerous raids, as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona.
8.4.Chiricahua Wars
Was a low level war of the U.S. with the Chiracahua tribes.
January 1852: 1852-1862: low level war with the chiracahua tribes.
8.5.Yavapai War
A series of armed conflicts between the Yavapai and Tonto tribes against the United States in Arizona.
January 1861: 1861 - 1875: a series of armed conflicts between the Yavapai and Tonto tribes against the United States in Arizona.
8.6.Victorio's War
Was an armed conflict between the Apache followers of Chief Victorio, the United States, and Mexico beginning in September 1879.
January 1879: 1879-1880: was an armed conflict between the Apache followers of Chief Victorio, the United States, and Mexico beginning in September 1879. Faced with arrest and forcible relocation from his homeland in New Mexico to San Carlos Indian Reservation in southeastern Arizona, Victorio led a guerrilla war across southern New Mexico, west Texas and northern Mexico.
April 6 - August 27, 1832: brief conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted soon after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis, and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, into the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed while resettling on tribal land that had been colonized by the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis.
April 1832: April 6 - August 27, 1832: brief conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted soon after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis, and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, into the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed while resettling on tribal land that had been colonized by the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis.
Were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th-century.
10.1.Cherokee War
In 1839 Texas' president Mirabeau B. Lamar decided to expel the Cherokee Indians from East Texas. When they refused, he used force to compel their removal.
January 1838: Cherokee War: 1838-39: In May 1839, Lamar's administration learned of a letter in the possession of Manuel Flores, an agent of the Mexican Government, exposing plans by officials to enlist the Indians against the Texas settlers. Supported by popular opinion in the Republic, Lamar decided to expel the Cherokee Indians from East Texas. When they refused, he used force to compel their removal.
10.2.Antelope Hills expedition
Was a campaign from January-May 1858 by the Texas Rangers and members of other allied Native American tribes against Comanche and Kiowa villages in the Comancheria.
January 1858: The Antelope Hills expedition was a campaign from January–May 1858 by the Texas Rangers and members of other allied Native American tribes against Comanche and Kiowa villages in the Comancheria.
10.3.Comanche campaign
1867-1875: The Comanche campaign is a general term for military operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west.
January 1867: Operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west. Between 1867 and 1875, military units fought against the Comanche people in a series of expeditions and campaigns until the Comanche surrendered and relocated to a reservation.
January 1867: 1867-1875: The Comanche campaign is a general term for military operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west. Between 1867 and 1875, military units fought against the Comanche people in a series of expeditions and campaigns until the Comanche surrendered and relocated to a reservation.
10.4.Red River War
Was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to displace the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains, and forcibly relocate the tribes to reservations in Indian Territory.
January 1874: The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to displace the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains, and forcibly relocate the tribes to reservations in Indian Territory.
The Cayuse War was an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers.
January 1847: The Cayuse War was an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers.
The California Indian Wars were a series of massacres, wars, and battles between the United States Army, and the Indigenous peoples of California.
January 1850: 1850-1880: The California Indian Wars were a series of massacres, wars, and battles between the United States Army (or often the California State Militia, especially during the early 1850s), and the Indigenous peoples of California. The wars lasted from 1850, immediately after Alta California, acquired during the Mexican–American War, became the state of California, to 1880 when the last minor military operation on the Colorado River ended the Calloway Affair of 1880.
1855-1856: was an armed conflict that took place in the Puget Sound area of the state of Washington in 1855-56, between the United States military, local militias and members of the Native American tribes of the Nisqually, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Klickitat.
January 1855: It was an armed conflict that took place in the Puget Sound area of the state of Washington in 1855–56, between the United States military, local militias and members of the Native American tribes of the Nisqually, Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Klickitat.
Was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama, a Sahaptian-speaking people of the Northwest Plateau, then part of Washington Territory, and the tribal allies of each. It primarily took place in the southern interior of present-day Washington.
January 1855: The Yakima War (1855-1858) was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama, a Sahaptian-speaking people of the Northwest Plateau, then part of Washington Territory, and the tribal allies of each. It primarily took place in the southern interior of present-day Washington.
October 8, 1855 to June, 1856: armed conflict in 1855-1856 between the U.S. Army, local militias and volunteers, and the Native American tribes commonly grouped under the designation of Rogue River Indians, in the Rogue River Valley area of what today is southern Oregon.
October 1855: October 8, 1855 to June, 1856: armed conflict in 1855–1856 between the U.S. Army, local militias and volunteers, and the Native American tribes commonly grouped under the designation of Rogue River Indians, in the Rogue River Valley area of what today is southern Oregon.
The Paiute War, also known as the Pyramid Lake War, Washoe Indian War and the Pah Ute War, was an armed conflict between Northern Paiutes allied with the Shoshone and the Bannock against intruding settlers from the United States, supported by military forces. It took place in May 1860 in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake in the Utah Territory.
June 1860: The Paiute War, was an armed conflict between Northern Paiutes allied with the Shoshone and the Bannock against intruding settlers from the United States, supported by military forces. It took place in May 1860 in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake in the Utah Territory.
Was an armed conflict between the United States and several bands of Dakota Native Americans.
August 1862: August 17, 1862 - December 26, 1862: The Dakota War of 1862, was an armed conflict between the United States and several bands of Dakota (also known as the eastern 'Sioux') fought along the Minnesota River in southwest Minnesota, four years after its admission as a state.
1864-1865: Indian War fought in 1864 and 1865 between the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and allied Brulé and Oglala Sioux (or Lakota) peoples versus the U.S. army, Colorado militia, and white settlers in Colorado Territory and adjacent regions.
January 1864: Indian War fought in 1864 and 1865 between the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and allied Brulé and Oglala Sioux (or Lakota) peoples versus the U.S. army, Colorado militia, and white settlers in Colorado Territory and adjacent regions.
1864 to 1868: irregular war fought by the United States of America against the "Snake Indians," the settlers' term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone bands who lived along the Snake River.
January 1864: 1864 to 1868: Irregular war fought by the United States of America against the "Snake Indians," the settlers' term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone bands who lived along the Snake River.
1865 - 1872: Black Hawk's War, is the name of the estimated 150 battles, skirmishes, raids, and military engagements taking place from 1865 to 1872, primarily between Mormon settlers in Sanpete County, Sevier County and other parts of central and southern Utah, and members of 16 Ute, Southern Paiute, Apache and Navajo tribes, led by a local Ute war chief, Antonga Black Hawk.
January 1865: It was an armed conflict fought from 1865 to 1870 between the Hualapai native Americans and the United States in Arizona Territory.
1865 - 1870: was an armed conflict fought from 1865 to 1870 between the Hualapai native Americans and the United States in Arizona Territory.
January 1865: 1865 - 1872: Black Hawk's War, is the name of the estimated 150 battles, skirmishes, raids, and military engagements taking place from 1865 to 1872, primarily between Mormon settlers in Sanpete County, Sevier County and other parts of central and southern Utah, and members of 16 Ute, Southern Paiute, Apache and Navajo tribes, led by a local Ute war chief, Antonga Black Hawk.
July 1 to October 4, 1865: military operation of the United States Army against the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians in Montana Territory and Dakota Territory.
July 1865: July 1 - October 4: A military operation of the United States Army against the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians in Montana Territory and Dakota Territory.
1866-1868: armed conflict between the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho on one side and the United States in Wyoming and Montana territories from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the western Powder River Country in present north-central Wyoming.
January 1866: Armed conflict between the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho on one side and the United States in Wyoming and Montana territories from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the western Powder River Country in present north-central Wyoming.
July 6, 1872 - June 4, 1873: armed conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the United States Army in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon from 1872 to 1873.
July 1872: July 6 - June 4: An armed conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the United States Army in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon from 1872 to 1873.
1876-1877: a series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the United States. The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills.
January 1876: A series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the United States. The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills.
June-October 1877: armed conflict that pitted several bands of the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans and their allies, a small band of the Palouse tribe led by Red Echo (Hahtalekin) and Bald Head (Husishusis Kute), against the United States Army.
July 1877: June-October 1877: An armed conflict that pitted several bands of the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans and their allies, a small band of the Palouse tribe led by Red Echo (Hahtalekin) and Bald Head (Husishusis Kute), against the United States Army. The conflict stemmed from the refusal of several bands of the Nez Perce, dubbed "non-treaty Indians," to give up their ancestral lands in the Pacific Northwest and move to an Indian reservation in Idaho.
An armed conflict between the U.S. military, Bannock and Paiute warriors in Idaho and Southeastern Oregon, lasting from June to August 1878.
July 1878: A armed conflict between the U.S. military, Bannock and Paiute warriors in Idaho and Southeastern Oregon, lasted from June to August 1878.
September, 1878-April, 1879: attempt of the Northern Cheyenne to return to the north, after being placed on the Southern Cheyenne reservation in the Indian Territory, and the United States Army operations to stop them.
October 1878: Attempt of the Northern Cheyenne to return to the north, after being placed on the Southern Cheyenne reservation in the Indian Territory, and the United States Army operations to stop them.
A rebellion by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan against the Canadian government.
March 1885: March 26 – June 3, 1885: a rebellion by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan against the Canadian government.
December 29, 1890 - January 15, 1891: armed conflict in the United States between the Lakota Sioux and the United States government from 1890 until 1891. It involved the Wounded Knee Massacre wherein the 7th Cavalry massacred around 300 unarmed Lakota Sioux, primarily women, children, and elders, at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890.
December 1890: December 29, 1890 - January 15, 1891: armed conflict in the United States between the Lakota Sioux and the United States government from 1890 until 1891. It involved the Wounded Knee Massacre wherein the 7th Cavalry massacred around 300 unarmed Lakota Sioux, primarily women, children, and elders, at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890.
Selected Sources
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.288
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.289
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.86
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.91
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.94
Missall, John and Mary Lou Missall. 2004. The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. University Press of Florida. pp. 39–40.
Werther, R.J. (5 January 2023): The “Western Forts” of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. Journal of the American Revolution. https://allthingsliberty.com/2023/01/the-western-forts-of-the-1783-treaty-of-paris/
American-Indian Wars
