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Were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantines and Bulgarians which began when the Bulgars first settled in the Balkan peninsula in the 5th century, and intensified with the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire to the southwest after 680 AD.
Chronology
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Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Aspurah.
September 680: In the 670s they crossed the Danube into Scythia Minor, nominally a Byzantine province, in addition to the grazing grounds to the west of the Dniester River already under their control. In 680 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV (r. 668-685), having recently defeated the Arabs, led an expedition at the head of a huge army and fleet to drive off the Bulgars but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Asparuh at Onglos.
January 682: In 681 Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Tervel.
January 713: Tervel was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The raid in 712 was a result of the political instability in Byzantium, allowing Tervel to take advantage and plunder the region up to the outskirts of Constantinople.
January 706: Tervel supported Justinian in an attempted restoration to the Byzantine throne in exchange for friendship, gifts and his daughter in marriage. With an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel, Justinian suddenly advanced on Constantinople and managed to gain entrance into the city in 705. Possibly a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagore.
January 706: Khan Tervel in 705 assisted the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II in regaining his throne in return for the Zagore region of Northern Thrace.
February 713: Tervel was the ruler of the Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in southeastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire was facing internal turmoil at the time, allowing Tervel to launch successful raids in 712, reaching the outskirts of Constantinople in 713.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian Khan Krum.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811. He faced internal rebellions and external threats, including the First Bulgarian Empire. In 811, after facing military defeats and internal unrest, Nikephoros retreated towards Thrace, ultimately leading to his death in the Battle of Pliska.
August 811: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I undertook a massive expedition against Bulgaria, managing to to take over Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria.
September 811: Having sacked and set at fire the city of Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria, the Byzantines ended ther raid.
January 813: In 812 Krum of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace, taking Develt.
August 813: With Krum's cavalry in pursuit, the rout of Michael I was complete, and Krum advanced on Constantinople, which he besieged by land.
August 813: The new emperor, Leo V the Armenian, offered to negotiate and arranged for a meeting with Krum. As Krum arrived, he was ambushed by Byzantine archers and was wounded as he made his escape. Furious, Krum ravaged the environs of Constantinople and headed home, capturing Adrianople.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor who led the expedition against Bulgaria in 811. Pliska was the capital of the Bulgarian Empire at that time. The successful siege of Pliska on July 20, 811, resulted in the territory being annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
June 809: In 809 Krum besieged and forced the surrender of Serdica.
January 814: Territorial expansion of Bulgaria during the reign of Khan Krum (803-814).
December 812: Krum besieged and captured Mesembria (Nesebar) in the autumn of 812.
3.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 815
Was a 30-year peace agreement signed in Constantinople between the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag and the Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian.
January 816: The possibility of an anti-Bulgarian alliance between the Byzantine and the Frankish empires, the need to consolidate Bulgarian authority in the newly conquered lands, and the new stirring of the tribes in the steppes gave reason for Omurtag to conclude a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines in 815. Under this agreement, the Great Balkans became another time the natural border between the two empires, and Byzantium regained the cities it had lost in the Black Sea.
January 816: Krum's successor Khan Omurtag (r. 814-831) concluded a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines, thus allowing both countries to restore their economies and finance after the bloody conflicts in the first decade of the century, establishing the border along the Erkesia trench between Debeltos on the Black Sea and the valley of the Maritsa River at Kalugerovo.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Malamir against Byzantine Emperor Theophilos.
January 837: In 836, during the rule of Khan Malamir, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its surrounding territories as part of the expansion of the First Bulgarian Empire under the leadership of the Khan and his military forces.
January 837: During the short reign of Khan Malamir, the important city of Philippopolis was incorporated into the country.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Boris I.
January 864: In 863 Boris made a decision to embrace Christianity, and he sought a mission from the Franks. The Byzantines could not countenance so close a neighbor as Bulgaria falling under Frankish religious control. A fleet was sent into the Black Sea and an army dispatched to invade Bulgaria. As the bulk of Boris' army was campaigning against Moravia far to the northwest, he had little choice but to yield immediately. He broke off the Frankish alliance, allowed Greek clergy to enter Bulgaria, and was eventually baptized, with the Byzantine emperor Michael III as his sponsor. He took the additional name of Michael at his baptism. The Bulgarians were allowed to recover the debatable region of Zagora as a reward for their change of religious orientation.
January 857: The independence of Powys ended when Merfyn Frych, ruler of Gwynedd, married Nest, sister of king Cyngen. Upon the latter's death in 855, Merfyn Frych and Nest's son Rhodri inherited the kingdom, which was governed as if it were a part of Gwynedd.
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
December 894: Simeon I was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The invasion of Thrace in 894 led to widespread looting by the Bulgarians and the capture of many Byzantine prisoners.
January 895: In the autumn of 894 Simeon I launched an invasion of Byzantine Thrace.The Bulgarians looted the region and retired to the north taking many captives.
January 896: The Magyars pillaged and looted unopposed, reaching the outskirts of the capital Preslav.
February 896: The Magyars pillaged and looted unopposed, reaching the outskirts of the capital Preslav.
January 897: Battle of Southern Buh: great Bulgarian victory which forced the Magyars of the Etelköz realm to abandon the steppes of southern Ukraine.
January 897: Battle of Boulgarophygon: annihilation of the Byzantine army. The war ended with a peace treaty which confirmed the Bulgarian domination on the Balkans, restored the status of Bulgaria as a most favoured nation, abolished the commercial restrictions and obliged the Byzantine Empire to pay annual tribute. Under the treaty, the Byzantines also ceded an area between the Black Sea and Strandzha to Bulgaria.
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
August 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 914: Simeon I of Bulgaria invaded Thrace in the summer of 914 and captured Adrianople.
November 914: After the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I captured Adrianople in 914, the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI negotiated the city's return by paying a large ransom. This event highlighted the ongoing power struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire during the 9th and 10th centuries.
August 917: Battle of Achelous.
January 919: With the Serbian threat eliminated and the bulk of the Byzantine army destroyed, in 918 Simeon I personally led a campaign in the Theme of Hellas and penetrated deep to the south, reaching the Isthmus of Corinth.
April 921: Battle of Pegae.
January 922: Simeon I of Bulgaria had to deal with the Serbian prince Petar Gojniković, who had responded positively to the Byzantine proposal for an anti-Bulgarian coalition. Serbia was turned into a puppet in until 921.
September 924: In the summer of 924, Simeon nevertheless arrived at Constantinople and demanded to see the patriarch and the emperor. He conversed with Romanos on the Golden Horn on 9 September 924 and arranged a truce, according to which Byzantium would pay Bulgaria an annual tax, but would be ceded back some cities on the Black Sea coast.
January 925: Serbia was annexed as a Bulgarian province, expanding the country's border to Croatia.
January 923: The Bulgarian control over Serbia did not last long, because Serbian ruler Zaharija was raised in Constantinople where he had been heavily influenced by the Byzantines. Soon Zaharija openly declared his loyalty to the Byzantine Empire and commenced hostilities against Bulgaria.
September 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 914: In the summer of 914 the Bulgarian army invaded the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrated into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west.
7.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian Treaty of 927
Was a treaty that ended the Byzantine-Bulgarian war of 913-927.
November 927: Byzantium recognizes the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the Bulgarian Patriarchate. The treaty restored the border approximately along the lines agreed in 904: the Bulgarians returned most of Simeon I's conquests in Thrace, Thessaly and Hellas and retained firm control over most of Macedonia and the larger part of Epirus.
Was the invasion of the Bulgarian Empire by the Kievan Rus'.
August 971: Siege of Dorostolon.
September 971: Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes and Sviatoslav I of Kiev agreed to a peace treaty: The Rus' army left the occupied territories, and their trading rights were re-affirmed in exchange for an oath to never again attack imperial territory.
January 972: The Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes eventually defeated Svyatoslav's forces and compelled him to leave the Balkans in 971. In the course of their campaign the Byzantines seized Preslav and detained Boris II. Initially John I Tzimiskes presented himself as a liberator but Boris II was promptly forced to ritually abdicate in Constantinople. Although at the time the Byzantines controlled only the eastern regions of the country, Bulgaria was proclaimed a Byzantine province.
September 971: While the eastern parts of the empire were conquered and turned into a Byzantine province, the lands to the west of Iskar river remained under Bulgarian control and included most of Macedonia, Albania and the lands to the south of the Danube between the Kolubara river (including Srem) to the west and the mountains around Etropole and Ihtiman to the east. These territories were ruled by the four brothers David, Moses, Aron and Samuel, sons of the governor (komita/comes) of Serdica (Sofia) Nikola.
8.1.Kievan Offensive
Was a military campaign by the invading Kievan Rus' in the Bulgarian Empire.
June 968: In August 967 or 968, the Rus' crossed the Danube into Bulgarian territory, defeated a Bulgarian army of 30,000 men in the Battle of Silistra, and occupied most of the Dobruja.
September 969: In summer 969, Sviatoslav returned to Bulgaria in force, accompanied by allied Pecheneg and Magyar contingents. Sviatoslav stormed the city. Thereafter Boris and Roman capitulated, and the Rus' rapidly established control over eastern and northern Bulgaria, placing garrisons in Dorostolon and the Bulgarian capital of Preslav.
September 969: In summer 969, Sviatoslav of Kiev returned to Bulgaria in force, accompanied by allied Pecheneg and Magyar contingents. Sviatoslav stormed the city. Thereafter Boris and Roman capitulated, and the Rus' rapidly established control over eastern and northern Bulgaria, placing garrisons in Dorostolon and the Bulgarian capital of Preslav.
April 970: In early 970, a Rus' army led by Sviatoslav I of Kiev, with Bulgarians, Pechenegs, and Magyars, attacked Philippopolis (Plovdiv) in the Byzantine Empire. The city fell to the invaders, marking a significant victory for the Kievan Rus'.
8.2.Byzantine offensive
Was a military campaign by the invading Byzantine Empire in the Bulgarian Empire.
April 971: Preslav was stormed on 13 April.
From ca. 970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual reconquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan peninsula.
January 987: In 986, Byzantine Emperor Basil II, known as the "Bulgar Slayer," led a 30,000-man army to besiege Sofia, the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire.
January 1003: The town of Servia, did not fall so easily to the Byzantines. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
January 1003: The next town, Servia, did not fall so easily. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
September 1003: End of Bulgarian Sack of Adrianople.
January 1004: In 1003 a major offensive along the Danube resulted in the fall of Vidin after an eight-month siege.
January 1005: In 1004 Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated Samuel of Bulgaria in the battle of Skopje and took possession of the city.
January 1002: The Byzantine troops recaptured Preslav and Pliska, putting north-eastern Bulgaria once again under Byzantine rule.
July 1018: Battle of Dyrrhachium: This was the final battle of the centuries long struggle between the First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantium. Within months after Bulgarian king Vladislav’s death most of his realm was subjugated by the Byzantine emperor Basil II.
February 1004: Byzantine reconquest of Thessaloniki.
Bulgarian conquest of Larissa from the Byzantines.
January 987: Bulgar conquest of Larissa.
Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
January 1006: Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
1040-1041: a major Bulgarian rebellion against the Byzantine Empire in the Theme of Bulgaria.
January 1040: 1040–1041: a major Bulgarian rebellion against the Byzantine Empire in the Theme of Bulgaria.
A Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine theme of Bulgaria in 1072.
January 1072: A Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine theme of Bulgaria in 1072.
26 October 1185-spring 1187: revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains.
June 1187: The lands between the Haemus Mons and the Danube were lost by the Byzantine Empire, leading to the signing of a truce, thus de facto recognising the rule of the Asen and Peter over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
October 1185: 26 October 1185-spring 1187: revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains.
Were a series of conquests by the Second Bulgarian Empire after it became independent from the Byzantine Empire.
January 1197: Melnik and Prosek conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1192: The Bulgarians captured the areas of Sredec (Sofia) and Niš in 1191.
January 1196: Belgrade conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: Kaloyan conquered Konstanteia (Simeonovgrad) in Thrace and Varna from the Byzantine Empire in 1201.
January 1203: Most of Slavic Macedonia conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
Conquest of Konstanteia by the Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: In 1201, the Second Bulgarian Empire, led by Tsar Kaloyan, conquered the city of Konstanteia. This marked a significant victory for the Bulgars in their expansion efforts in the region.
1277-1280: a rebellion of the Bulgarian peasantry against the incompetent rule of Emperor Constantine Tikh and the Bulgarian nobility.
January 1277: 1277–1280: a rebellion of the Bulgarian peasantry against the incompetent rule of Emperor Constantine Tikh and the Bulgarian nobility.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Theodore Svetoslav against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1304: The Bulgarians captured several fortresses in northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria, Ankhialos, Sozopolis.
January 1305: Agathopolis (Ahtopol) is conquered by the Bulgarians.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Michael Asen III against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1323: 1323-1324: a Byzantine-sponsored pretender, Vojsil, brother of the former Bulgarian emperor Smilec, ensconced himself in Krăn, assuming control of the valley between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora. Michael Asen III expelled Vojsil and recovered control over northern and northeastern Thrace in 1324.
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler George Terter II against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1324: Taking advantage of the byzantine civil war of 1321-1328, George of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322 or 1323.
Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace from Bulgaria.
January 1332: Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace.
Selected Sources
Haldon, John F. (2001), The Byzantine Wars, Stroud: Tempus, p.104
Stephenson, Paul (2000), Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p.53
Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine Military Administration in the Bulgarian Lands 971–987/989, Yearbook of the Sofia University, pp. 40, 46–47, 49–53
Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) [1927]. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство, Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852–1018) [History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part 2.From the Slavicization of the state to the fall of the First Empire (852–1018)]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. OCLC 67080314. p.603
matura.imamproblem.com. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://matura.imamproblem.com/history/karti/07-Voinite%20na%20Khan%20Krum%20%28813%20-%20827%29.jpg
Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
