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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Kotte
Kingdom of Kotte (Portugal)
Establishment
January 1409: The Sinhala Kingdom or Sinhalese Kingdom refers to the successive Sinhalese kingdoms that existed in what is today Sri Lanka. The Sinhala Kingdom existed as successive kingdoms known by the city at which its administrative centre was located. These are in chronological order: the kingdoms of Tambapanni, Upatissa Nuwara, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Dambadeniya, Gampola, Kotte, Sitawaka and Kandy.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were seven maritime expeditions undertaken by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond.
1.1.Ming-Kotte War
Was a military conflict between the expeditionary forces of Ming China and the Sinhalese Kotte Kingdom in the southern territories of Sri Lanka.
January 1411: Chinese admiral Zheng He and his troops invaded Kotte and conquered its capital.
July 1411: After the third Ming treasure voyage, Chinese admiral Zheng He returned to Nanjing on 6 July 1411.
Was an expedition against the Jaffna kingdom by the Kotte kingdom.
January 1451: The first campaign in 1450 led by King Parakramabahu VI of the Kingdom of Kotte successfully defeated the tributary Vanni states of the Jaffna kingdom. However, they were unable to fully subdue the Jaffna kingdom itself, led by King Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan.
In 1521, the three sons of the Kotte king Vijayabahu VII rebelled against their father. After killing Vijayabahu, his sons (Bhuvanekabahu, Pararajasingha and Mayadunne) divided the kingdom among themselves in the 'Spoiling of Vijayabahu'. Mayadunne received the Kingdom of Sitawaka.
January 1522: In 1521, the three sons of the Kotte king Vijayabahu VII rebelled against their father. After killing Vijayabahu, his sons (Bhuvanekabahu, Pararajasingha and Mayadunne) divided the kingdom among themselves in the 'Spoiling of Vijayabahu'. Mayadunne received the Kingdom of Sitawaka.
January 1522: Pararajasingha was given the Principality of Raigama.
3.1.Consequences of Vijayabā Kollaya
Following the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms of Sri Lanka.
January 1522: Following the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms.
Were a series of wars between the native kingdoms of modern-day Sri Lanka and the Portuguese Empire.
4.1.Growth of the Sitawaka kingdom
Were a series of military campaigns by the Sinhalese Kingdom of Sitawaka to expand its territories.
January 1566: By 1565 the Portuguese were unable to hold the capital city of Kotte. They abandoned Kotte and moved to Colombo (which was guarded by a powerful fort and the Portuguese navy) with their puppet King Dharmapala.
January 1566: Areas annexed by Sitawaka from the Kotte Kingdom by 1565.
January 1588: Areas annexed by Sitawaka from the Kotte Kingdom by 1587.
4.2.Protectorate on Kotte
The Sinhalese Kingdom of Kotte became a Portuguese protectorate.
January 1552: The portuguese assisted and protected the kingdom of Kotte against the growing influence of the kingdom of Sitawaka.
Was a succession crisis caused by the death of the King of Portugal without heirs. The conflict saw two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
October 1580: Philip II of Spain succeeded in claiming the Portuguese crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
January 1451: During 1450-1467, the Jaffna Kingdom briefly lost its independence to the Kingdom of Kotte. The Jaffna Kingdom was ruled by King Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan and the Kingdom of Kotte was ruled by King Parakramabahu VI.
January 1468: The Jaffna kingdom freed itself from the domain of Kotte.
January 1470: Most notably a new Kingdom was founded in central hill-country of the island by Senasammatha Wickremabahu who successfully led a rebellion against the Kotte Kingdom in 1469.
January 1518: Portoguese conquest of Colombo.
January 1540: Sitawaka invasion of Kotte.
February 1540: The Sitawaka invasion of Kotte failed following resistance organised by the new Portuguese Captain-General in Colombo, Miguel Ferreira.
January 1544: In 1543, the Kingdom of Kotte faced an invasion after Bhuvanekabahu named his grandson Dharmapala as his successor. The invasion was repulsed with the help of Portuguese forces. Bhuvanekabahu was a ruler of Kotte, while Dharmapala was his chosen heir. The Portuguese were allies of the Kingdom of Kotte at the time.
February 1544: In 1544, the Kingdom of Kotte faced another invasion after Bhuvanekabahu named his grandson Dharmapala as his successor. The invasion was repulsed with the help of Portuguese forces. Bhuvanekabahu was a prominent ruler of the Kingdom of Kotte, while Dharmapala was his chosen heir. The Portuguese were allies of the Kingdom of Kotte during this time.
January 1566: Mayadunne and Tikiri Bandara launched a two-pronged attack on Kotte in 1564, laying siege to both Kotte and Colombo. Portuguese forces were forced to retreat from Kotte, leaving Sitawaka in control of much of the kingdom. Major Sitawakan garrisons were established at Wattala, Nagalagama and Mapane. However a thin coastal strip, running from Negombo to Galle and including the fort in Colombo, was kept provisioned from the sea by the Portuguese.
January 1588: The Kingdom of Sitawaka annexed areas from the Kotte Kingdom by 1587.
January 1595: Resistance eventually coalesced around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinghe. Between 1591 and 1594, he returned to the area, seized the Kandyan throne under the name Wimaladharmasuriya I and married Dona Catherina. Victories over the Sithawakans and the Portuguese (who occupied Kandy briefly in 1592) secured his position.
January 1595: Sitawaka disintegrated soon after the death of its last king Rajasimha I in 1593. After the downfall of Sitawaka in 1594, these areas were re-annexed to the Kotte kingdom.
Disestablishment
January 1598: Direct Portuguese rule in Kotte did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580. That allowed the Portuguese sufficient claim to the Kingdom of Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597.
Selected Sources
Fernández Álvarez, M. (1998): Felipe II y su tiempo, cuarta edición, p. 523
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