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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Margraviate of Baden
Electorate of Baden
Granduchy of Baden
Establishment
January 1113: Herman II, son of Herman I and grandson of Berthold II, had concluded an agreement with the rivalling Hohenstaufen dynasty, and about 1098 was enfeoffed with immediate territory by Emperor Henry IV. In Baden, Herman II had Hohenbaden Castle built. Construction began about 1100, and when completed in 1112, he marked the occasion by adopting the title of a Margrave of Baden.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
1.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
1.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
1.1.1.1.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
1.1.2.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
1.1.2.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
1.1.2.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
1.1.2.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
April 1638: Freiburg conquered by france.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
July 1644: The imperials took Freiburg.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
1.2.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
1.2.1.Rhineland Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Rhineland Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
October 1688: The French besiege Philippsburg.
1.2.2.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
January 1677: Imperial forces recaptured Philippsburg in September 1676.
August 1698: The French army leaves Freiburg.
2.1.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
August 1678: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg and Kehl.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
3.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
December 1713: Freiburg conquered by france.
3.2.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
4.1.French invasion of the Rhineland
Was the French invasion of the Rhineland during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: A large French army under the command of the Duke of Berwick besieged and captured the fortress of Kehl, which was lightly garrisoned and in poor condition.
October 1735: The battle of Clausen in 1735 was won by the Austrian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy, marking the furthest point of the French invasion during the War of the Polish Succession. The territory of Clausen was later occupied by France.
4.2.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: After the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, which concluded the War of the Polish Succession, the French evacuated the territories they had occupied.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
5.1.Rhineland Theatre (Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Rhineland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
November 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV of France besieged and captured Freiburg in 1744. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
5.2.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1803: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Germany during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods.
February 1803: With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803, she came to the newly formed Electorate of Baden.
February 1803: The Imperial City of Biberach is acquired by the Margraviate of Baden as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
February 1803: Reichsdeputationsschluss: the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.
April 1803: The Electorate of Baden was created on April 27, 1803 with the entry into force of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
January 1804: Some Palatine right-bank territories of the Rhine River were transferred to the Electorate of Baden as part of the territorial changes brought about by the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1804: The Imperial City of Überlingen is mediatized to Baden.
January 1804: In 1803, Lahr and its environs came under Baden and the town became the seat of a Baden office.
January 1804: The right bank of the Strassburg Prince-Bishopric fell to Baden.
January 1804: The Imperial City of Pfullendorf is mediatized to Baden.
January 1804: Adelsheim was never one of the major ecclesiastical or secular principalities in the area, but was owned by the Imperial Knights until the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803. Then it came to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
January 1804: In 1803, the right-bank territory of Speyer (at the time also spelled Spayer) was transferred to the Electorate of Baden. This decision was part of the territorial changes following the Treaty of Lunéville, which aimed to reorganize the territories of the Holy Roman Empire after the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1804: The Imperial City of Offenburg is mediatized to Baden.
January 1804: The Konstanz Prince-Bishopric is mediatized to Baden.
January 1806: The former Imperial Citiy of Konstanz is ceded to Baden.
October 1806: The Electorate of Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1803-1806.
January 1807: The Fuerstenberg County is acquired by the Granduchy of Baden.
January 1807: Wertheim County is divided between Baden and Bavaria.
January 1807: Kurfuerstentum Baden annexed to Wurttemberg.
January 1807: The majority of the Leiningen principality fell to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
6.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
July 1794: The Battle of Trippstadt was a relatively minor French military action in 1794. This victory gave the French control of the mountain passes across the lower Vosges ( Kaiserslautern, Trippstadt, Schänzel, Neustadt and along the banks of the Speyerbach River).
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
6.1.1.Rhineland campaign of 1792
Was a French military campaign in the Rhineland.
September 1792: The French attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day.
6.1.2.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.
6.1.3.Rhine campaign of 1796
Were a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
July 1796: On 5 July 1796, French general Desaix defeated Austrian general Latour at the Battle of Rastatt.
July 1796: Ettlingen conquered by france.
July 1796: French conquest of Cannstadt.
6.1.4.Rhine campaign of 1799
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: The Austrians established a strong cordon that forced General Jean Victor Marie Moreau to shift his forces southward to the remaining bridgehead at Hüningen.
6.1.5.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
October 1796: French forces occupy Schliengen.
6.1.6.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
6.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
6.2.1.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1799: On 1 March 1799, the French Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel.
March 1799: At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21-22 March 1799, French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch.
May 1800: After French general Claude Lecourbe had captured Stockach, the Austrians led by general Paul Kray retreated to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
6.2.2.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
6.2.3.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
6.3.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
6.3.1.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: After the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Further Austria was entirely dissolved and the former Habsburg territories were assigned to the Grand Duchy of Baden (Breisgau), the Kingdom of Württemberg (Rottenburg and Horb) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (Weitnau Günzburg, Weißenhorn). Minor estates passed to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
6.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
January 1815: The Granduchy of Würzburg is partitioned between Baden and Bavaria.
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the Empire.
August 1806: With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, it was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Baden.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
8.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
8.1.1.Campaign of the Main
Was a campaign of the Prussian army in the area of the river Main against the allies of Austria in Southern Germany during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
July 1866: Battle of Hundheim.
July 1866: Battle near Tauberbischofsheim.
July 1866: Battle near Werbach.
July 1866: Battle of Gerchsheim.
8.1.2.Peace Treaties (Austro-Prussian War)
Were a series of treaties that ended the Austro-Prussian War. Prussia annexed the Austro-Prussian condominium of Schleswig and Holstein and several other territories. The German Confederation was dissolved, and a Prussian domained Northern German Confederation, that excluded the southern German states, was created.
September 1866: After the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia evacuated the territories it had occupied in Baden.
8.2.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
8.2.1.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1220: Around 1219, Pforzheim came to Hermann as a dowry from his wife Irmengard near the Rhine, and with it the Margraviate of Baden.
January 1388: 1387: Half of Neu-Eberstein sold to Baden.
January 1416: The Hochberg Margraviate existed as an independent territory until Otto II von Hachberg sold his property to Margrave Bernhard I von Baden in 1415.
January 1443: Part of Mahlberg is sold to Baden.
January 1445: The Imperial City of Baderweiler is acquired by the Margraviate of Baden.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1571: Gräfensteiner Land came into Baden ownership in 1570.
January 1702: In 1701 the Margraviate of Baden-Baden was enfeoffed with the Landvogtei.
October 1819: In 1818 the Principality von der Leyen passed to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
Disestablishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Selected Sources
Addington, L. (1994): The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century, Bloomington (USA), p.24
Alison, A. (1835): History of Europe, W. Blackwood and Sons, pp. 86-90.
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 38-39
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 48-49.
Fournier. A (1913): Napoleon I. Eine Biographie, Vienna (Austria), p. 255
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Gagliardo, J. (1980): Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Bloomington (USA), p. 192
Kreins, J. (2003): Histoire du Luxembourg, Paris (France), p. 63
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 144-145
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 146-147
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, Munich (Germany), pp. 791-792
Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.
Phillipson, C. (2008): Termination of War and Treaties of Peace, Clark (USA), p. 273
Poole, R.L. (1902): Historical Atlas of Modern Europe, Oxford (United Kingdom), Plate XI
Schmiele, E. (1887): Zur Geschichte des schwedisch-polnischen Krieges von 1655 bis 1660, Berlin (Germany), p. 5
Swiss campaign of Suvorov and his wonder-heroes. Top War. 30 September 2011. https://en.topwar.ru/7227-shveycarskiy-pohod-suvorova-i-ego-chudo-bogatyrey.html
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), https://www.ieg-friedensvertraege.de/treaty/1748%20X%2018%20Friedensvertrag%20von%20Aachen/t-283-1-de.html?h=1
Treaty of Ryswick (English version), https://bonoc.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tratado-ryswick.pdf
Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
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