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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Imerina
French Madagascar
Kingdom of Madagascar
Malagasy Protectorate
French Madagascar (Vichy France)
Malagasy Republic (France)
Malagasy Republic
Democratic Republic of Madagascar
Republic of Madagascar
Establishment
January 1551: Ralambo was a Merina king who ruled in the second half of the 16th century. The Merina Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Emyrne or Kingdom of Ancove, emerged during his reign in the northeastern part of present-day Madagascar.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom, and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony.
1.1.First Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar.
June 1885: In 1885, the French under Admiral Pierre bombarded the northwestern coast of Madagascar and occupied Majunga. This military action was part of France's efforts to establish control over the island, which eventually led to the colonization of Madagascar.
January 1886: When the ultimatum was refused, France bombarded the east coast, and occupied Toamasina.
January 1886: A Treaty was signed in December 1885 by France and by the Kingdom of Madagascar. The French agreed to leave the occupied territories.
1.2.Second Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar, which became a French protectorate.
January 1895: The French occupied the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast of Madagascar.
February 1895: In 1895, French military forces bombarded and occupied Mahajanga, a port city on the west coast of Madagascar.
June 1895: Tsarasaotra fell under French control.
August 1895: Andriba conquered by france.
September 1895: The French arrived at the end of September in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagscar, and placed an artillery battery in front of the royal palace. High-explosive shells were fired on the palace, killing many. The Queen promptly surrendered.
October 1895: The Merina Kingdom was ruled by Queen Ranavalona III at the time of signing the treaty with France. The treaty effectively placed Madagascar under French protection, leading to the establishment of the Malagasy Protectorate.
The Mahafaly kingdom in Madagascar ended after a short French military campaign in 1907.
January 1908: A short French military campaign in 1907 ended the reign of king Tsiampondy. French authorities annexed the Mahafaly kingdom to French Madagascar.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
3.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
3.1.1.Madagascar Campaign (World War II)
Was a British campaign to capture the Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar during World War II.
May 1942: British forces land at Courier Bay in Madagascar, against little opposition from Vichy France forces.
September 1942: Amphibious landings at Majunga (Madagascar) by British and East African forces.
September 1942: A British East African Command lands without opposition on the coast of Tamatave (Madagascar).
September 1942: Tannanarive fell to British forces on 23 September.
November 1942: Ambalavao conquered by great britain.
November 1942: An armistice was signed in Ambalavao on 6 November 1942, and Madagascar colonial governor Armand Annet surrendered two days later to the Allies.
3.2.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
July 1940: With the creation of Vichy France, initially all French colonies were aligned with Vichy.
3.3.Free France
Refers to events that happened in French colonies that either remained loyal or soon became loyal to Free France very soon during World War II.
December 1942: Transfer of Madagascar to Free France by the British.
January 1711: Foundation of Tananarive Kingdom.
April 1774: This expedition arrived in Madagascar in November 1773 and were fully established there by the end of March 1774. They set up a trading-post at Antongil on the east coast.
July 1779: Facing significant problems with the climate, the terrain, and the native Sakalava people the trading post was eventually dismantled by order of the French government in June 1779.
January 1795: Manandriana Kingdom conquered by the Kingdom of Imerina.
January 1797: The Tananarive Kingdom was annexed by the Kingdom of Imerina.
January 1801: After many adventures, the kingdom of Emyrne was definitively unified by Andrianampoinimerina at the beginning of the 19th century.
January 1811: Isandra kingdom conquered by the Kingdom of Imerina.
January 1811: Lalangina Kingdom conquered by the Kingdom of Imerina.
October 1817: The Merina kingdom officially becomes the Kingdom of Madagascar.
January 1818: The Tamatave Kingdom becomes a vassal of Imerina (later Madagascar).
January 1821: Boina becomes a tributary of Imerina.
January 1825: The Ibara Kingdom was annexed by the Kingdom of Madagascar.
January 1825: In 1824, Merina conquered almost all of Madagascar.
January 1825: Fisikana Kingdom conquered by the Kingdom of Imerina.
January 1825: Anrindrano Kingdom conquered by the Kingdom of Imerina.
January 1829: The Tamatave Kingdom (Imerina) was annexed by the Kingdom of Madagascar.
January 1841: Tghe Boina Kingdom was annexed by Madagascar in 1840.
January 1870: 1869 - 1881: Safy Mozongo -Queen.
January 1886: In 1894-95 France pursued its second Madagascar expedition against the Merina, which ended with the French taking full control of the island and establishing the Malagasy Protectorate.
January 1896: The Antankarana Kingdom was incorporated into French Madagascar Colony.
January 1896: Saint-Marie was incorporated into Madagascar.
February 1897: Bemazava Kingdom incorporated into Madagascar.
February 1897: Establishment of French Madagascar.
January 1901: The Kingdom of Menabe was not pacified until the year 1900. Menabe was then incorporated into the province of Toliara of French Madagascar.
October 1958: Îles Éparses (actual Madagascar) gains independence as a sovereign republic.
June 1960: Independence of Malagasy Republic.
December 1975: Proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
January 1992: New constitution in Madagascar.
Selected Sources
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 54
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.56
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