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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Principality of Moldavia
Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)
Principality of Moldavia (Wallachia)
Principality of Moldavia (Poland)
Principality of Moldavia (Russia)
Principality of Moldavia (Russia Military Occupation)
Principality of Moldavia (Austria)
Principality of Moldavia (International Protectorate)
Moldavian Democratic Republic
Republic of Moldova
Establishment
January 1360: Bogdan of Cuhea, voivode fof the Wallachians, who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359, took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in becoming thre first independent ruler of Moldavia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
1.1.Polish-Ottoman War (1485-1503)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1497: In early August of 1497, the Polish-Lithuanian army, led by King John I Albert and his commander Jan Amor Tarnowski, crossed the Dniestr river, entering the Moldavia border region. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Polish-Lithuanian influence in the area.
September 1497: The Polish army began the siege of Suceava.
October 1497: The Battle of the Cosmin Forest in 1497 saw the defeat of the Polish forces by Stephen III of Moldavia. The battle took place in the Moldavia border region, solidifying the territory under the control of the Principality of Moldavia.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1539: In 1538, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent invaded the Kingdom of Moldavia. Prince Peter IV Rareş sought refuge in Transylvania as Suleiman's forces occupied key Moldavian cities, such as the capital of Jassy.
January 1542: Hotin conquered by turkey.
January 1542: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
2.1.Moldavian-Ottoman War
Was a conflict between Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1505: After 1504, Moldavia fell into decline and was forced to accept vassalage for the Porte.
February 1539: In 1539, the Kingdom of Moldavia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Prince Peter IV Rareş fled to Transylvania as Suleiman invaded and occupied major cities, including the capital of Jassy.
2.1.1.Ottoman conquest of the Budjak fortress
Moldavia had to surrender Chilia (Kiliya) and Cetatea Albă (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the Budjak, to the Ottomans.
January 1485: Ottoman conquest of Chilia and Cetatea Albă, the two main fortresses in the Budjak.
January 1485: In 1484, the Ottomans managed to annex Chilia and Akkerman.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1573: Hotin conquered by turkey.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1575: The Principality of Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
5.1.Long Turkish War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs (along with their respective allies) over the control of Romanian and Hungarian territories.
October 1600: Wallachia was in personal union with Moldavia until September 1600.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
6.1.Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)
Was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth together with Zaporozhian Cossacks.
6.1.1.Truce of Deulino
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618) with notable Polish territorial gains.
January 1619: With the Truce of Deulino at the end of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), Russia ceded various territories to Poland-Lithuania. The Commonwealth gained control over the Smolensk and Chernihiv Voivodeships.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
7.1.Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
June 1655: A Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire was victorious and ceded territories in Ukraine to Russia. The Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
8.1.Russian invasion (Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774)
Was the Russian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
October 1769: With the Ottomans in disarray the Russians took the capital of Moldavia (Jassy).
August 1770: From the capital of Bucharest, the Russians fanned out through the principality, only later being challenged by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha at Kagul on Aug 1, 1770. The Russians routed the Grand Vizier's forces and allegedly one-third of the Ottoman troops drowned in the Danube trying to escape.
8.2.Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). The Ottomans ceded territories in modern-day Ukraine to Russia, and the Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
July 1774: After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca forced the Ottoman Empire to leave the Crimean Khanate, the Russian army left the other regions it had occupied.
Was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
January 1789: In Moldavia, Russian troops captured the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy.
9.1.Treaty of Jassy
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792).
January 1792: The Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792 by the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
10.1.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
10.1.1.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a 40,000-strong Russian contingent advanced into Moldavia and Wallachia.
10.1.2.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France. The Russian tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
11.1.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, with an area of 45,630 km2 (Bessarabia), was ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships because Russia had supported the revolutionaries of the Greek War of Independency.
12.1.Balkan front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Balkan theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: In April and May 1828, the Russian commander-in-chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, led Russian forces into the Romanian Principates of Wallachia and Moldavia as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. The territories were placed under Russian military occupation.
12.2.Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
September 1829: With the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829, following the Russo-Turkish War, The Russian Empire gained control over Moldavia, leading to a period of Russian influence in the region.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
13.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
June 1853: The Danube campaign opened when the Russians occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in May 1853, bringing their forces to the north bank of the River Danube.
July 1854: On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force.
March 1856: Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
14.1.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
14.1.1.Romania during World War I
Romanian theatre of World War I.
February 1917: With the Romanian Army in full control, on 24 January/6 February, the Moldavian Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence.
14.1.1.1.Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia
Was a Romanian intervention in Bessarabia during the Russian Civl War.
January 1918: The Front Section of the Rumcherod Bolsheviks entered Chișinău. The Moldavian legislative council Sfatul Țării requested military assistance from Romania. On 26 January, the Romanian Army captured Chișinău.
February 1918: With the help of Moldavia's improvised combat units, the Romanians pacified Hotin, Ismail, Tighina and Cetatea Albă. The last detachments of Communist revolutionaries were driven over the Dniester and out of the country on 20 February.
Was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR) which resulted in the end of the country as a sovereign state, thereby resulting in its constituent republics gaining full independence.
August 1991: Independence of Moldavia.
15.1.War of Transnistria
Was an armed conflict mainly between pro-Transnistria and pro-Moldovan forces.
September 1991: A Police unit in Rîbniţa is captured by separatists.
September 1991: A Police unit in Camenca is captured by separatists.
October 1991: Tiraspol city Executive Committee issues a decision asking the local police force to refuse to cede authority to the authorities in Chişinău.
December 1991: A group of around 20-25 people (6 of them with automatic guns) enter the village of Mălăieşti in Grigoriopol district and force its cititzens to submit to Transnistrian authorities. Meanwhile, the same incidents occur in Speia, Butor and Taşlîc.
December 1991: A group of armed separatists order the Slobozia police unit to accept the jurisdiction of Transnistria. The commander of this police unit is beaten and prevented from accessing his local force.
December 1991: 700 Transnistrian guards and cossacks, force the authorities of Dubăsari to swear allegiance to Transnistria.
January 1389: Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region of Pokuttya as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia.
January 1392: Prince Petru of Moldavia expanded his rule southwards to the Danube Delta.
January 1393: Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled Cetatea Albă in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the Black Sea.
January 1401: Mircea the Elder (the Voivode of Wallachia) defeated the Ottomans in several battles, including the Battle of Rovine in 1394, driving them away from Dobruja and briefly extending his rule to the Danube Delta, Dobruja and Silistra (c. 1400-1404).
January 1433: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1460: Hotin conquered by Principality of Moldavia.
January 1486: In 1485, King Casimir undertook an expedition into Moldavia after its seaports were overtaken by the Ottoman Turks.
January 1498: John I Albert of Poland invaded Moldavia in 1497.
January 1499: In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia.
August 1531: Pokuttya was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn.
January 1563: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1563: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1573: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1573: Moldavia freed from Ottoman vassalage.
June 1600: Wallachian rule was extended to Moldavia.
January 1602: The Principality of Moldavia comes under Polish suzerainty (1601-1618).
January 1616: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1619: The Principality of Moldavia reverts to Ottoman suzerainty.
January 1622: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1674: Hotin conquered by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1700: Hotin conquered by turkey.
January 1712: Hotin conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1713: Khotyn area conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1776: In 1775 Moldavia lost to the Habsburg Empire its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina.
January 1857: The Principality of Moldavia falls under international protection (1856-1859).
February 1859: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia, formed on 5 February 1859.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S. C. (2011): A Global Chronology Of Conflict, London (UK), p. 959
Tucker, S. C. (2011): A Global Chronology Of Conflict, London (UK), p. 965
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