Hephtalite Empire
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Was an empire formed by the Hephtalites, or White Huns, a Central Asian population.
Establishment
January 451: The Hephthalites became a significant political entity in Bactria around 450 CE.
January 451: Sakastan was overrun by the Hephthalites in the mid 5th century.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a military confrontation that took place in 484 between an invading force of the Sasanian Empire under the command of Peroz I and a smaller army of the Hephthalite Empire under the command of Khushnavaz. The battle was a catastrophic defeat for the Sasanian forces and resulted in the creation of the state of the Nezak Huns, as well as the conquest of several territories by the Hephtalites.
January 485: In 484, Peroz I, the grandfather of Khosrow I Anushirvan, was killed in the Battle of Herat by the Hephthalites and allowed them to annex much of Khorasan from the Sasanians.
January 485: Peroz was defeated and killed by a Hephthalite army near Balkh. The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of Khorasan−Nishapur, Herat and Marw were now under Hephthalite rule.
January 485: The Nezak Huns established their realm in 484, after the defeat and death of the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) Peroz I against the Hephthalites.
January 486: The Huns invaded the Sassanid territories which had been left without a central government following the death of the king. Much of the Sassanid land was pillaged repeatedly for a period of two years.
The Battle of Gol-Zarriun or Battle of Bukhara, took place in c. 560 when the Sasanian Empire allied with the First Turkic Khaganate against the Hephthalite Empire.
January 561: The Sasanians annexed the Hephthalite lands south of the river Oxus.
January 561: The Hephthalites possessed military power, but they lacked the organization to fight on multiple fronts. The Sasanians and the Turks made an alliance and launched a two-pronged attack on the Hephthalites, taking advantage of their disorganization and disunity. As a result, the Turks took the territory north of the Oxus River.
January 467: Around 466 the Hephtalites took Transoxianan lands from the Kidarites with Persian help.
January 468: The Kidarite Kingdom was disestablished 467.
January 471: In 470, the Hephtalite Empire, led by their ruler Khingila, conquered the territories of Balkh and eastern Kushanshahr from Persia. This marked a significant expansion of the Hephtalite Empire's power in the region.
January 471: Between 460 and 470 CE, the Alchons took over Gandhara and the Punjab which also had remained under the control of the Kidarites.
January 476: In the second half of the fifth century, the Hephtalites controlled the deserts of Turkmenistan as far as the Caspian Sea and possibly Merv.
January 501: By 500 the Hephtalite held the whole of Bactria and the Pamirs and parts of Afghanistan.
January 501: Like other Central Asian peoples, the Kangju probably became subsumed into the Hephthalites.
January 511: In 510, the Hephtalite Empire, led by their ruler Mihirakula, expanded their territory to the east, capturing the Tarim Basin and reaching as far as Urumqi. This conquest marked a significant expansion of their empire into Central Asia.
Disestablishment
January 561: The Hephthalites possessed military power, but they lacked the organization to fight on multiple fronts. The Sasanians and the Turks made an alliance and launched a two-pronged attack on the Hephthalites, taking advantage of their disorganization and disunity. As a result, the Turks took the territory north of the Oxus River.
January 561: The Sasanians annexed the Hephthalite lands south of the river Oxus.
